Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Advancements and Innovations in Low-Temperature Hydrogen Electrochemical Conversion Devices Driven by 3D Printing Technology

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01907-w
Min Wang
College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Xiuyue Wang
College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Enyang Sun
College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Zhenye Kang
School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People’s Republic of China
Fan Gong
Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
Bin Hou
Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
Gaoqiang Yang
Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
Mingbo Wu
College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Feng‑Yuan Zhang
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA

Corresponding Author: Feng‑Yuan Zhang

fzhang@utk.edu

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 61

Abstract

3D printing, as a versatile additive manufacturing technique, offers high design flexibility, rapid prototyping, minimal material waste, and the capability to fabricate complex, customized geometries. These attributes make it particularly well-suited for low-temperature hydrogen electrochemical conversion devices—specifically, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells, anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cells, and alkaline electrolyzers—which demand finely structured components such as catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers, electrodes, porous transport layers, and bipolar plates. This review provides a focused and critical summary of the current progress in applying 3D printing technologies to these key components. It begins with a concise introduction to the principles and classifications of mainstream 3D printing methods relevant to the hydrogen energy sector and proceeds to analyze their specific applications and performance impacts across different device architectures. Finally, the review identifies existing technical challenges and outlines future research directions to accelerate the integration of 3D printing in next-generation low-temperature hydrogen energy systems.


Highlights:
1 Outlines 3D printing methods and their benefits in fabricating complex components for low-temperature hydrogen devices.
2 Summarizes current applications in fuel cells and electrolyzers, highlighting recent progress in hydrogen energy.
3 Explores future directions and challenges, offering insights into trends and opportunities in hydrogen-related systems.

Keywords

3D printing Hydrogen Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Water electrolyzers
Wang, Min, Xiuyue Wang, Enyang Sun, Zhenye Kang, Fan Gong, Bin Hou, Gaoqiang Yang, Mingbo Wu, and Feng‑Yuan Zhang. 2025. “Advancements and Innovations in Low-Temperature Hydrogen Electrochemical Conversion Devices Driven by 3D Printing Technology”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (September):61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01907-w.
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