Issue

Vol. 19 (2027)

Ultralow Noise Orthogonal Fluxgates Enabling Weak Magnetic Field and Biomolecular Detection

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02317-2
Xiaofeng Pu
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Zhijun Sheng
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Zhoulu Yu
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Huaidong Li
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Xintao Wei
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Tao Yang
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Qingfang Liu
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Guozhi Chai
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Xiaolei Liang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
Daqiang Gao
Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Functional Materials (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Daqiang Gao

gaodq@lzu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 19 (2027), Article Number: 19

Abstract

Noninvasive detection of ultra-weak biomagnetic signals is crucial for modern biosensing, but conventional magnetic sensors are fundamentally limited by intrinsic noise. Orthogonal fluxgates (OFGs) enable high signal-to-noise-ratio detection of weak magnetic fields, yet their performance is still constrained by intrinsic 1/f noise and Barkhausen-related magnetic fluctuations. This study reports a low-noise orthogonal fluxgate in which a newly designed magnetic core and circuit mitigate existing noise limitations. The CoP/Ag composite core, featuring an amorphous-nanocrystalline dual phase, is associated with reduced low-frequency magnetic loss and improved noise performance. When integrated with a closed-loop feedback, the sensor achieves a noise floor of 8 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz. The sensor enables reliable detection of ultralow-concentration magnetic-bead signals. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was used as a model biomarker in an immunomagnetic bead assay, yielding a linear response from 50 fg mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1 and a detection limit of 50 fg mL−1, which compares favorably with representative reported AFP magnetic biosensors. OFGs demonstrate strong prospects in biosensing, geomagnetic measurements, and weak field detection.


Highlights:
1 A low-noise orthogonal fluxgate was developed using a CoP/Ag composite core with an amorphous-nanocrystalline dual-phase structure.
2 The amorphous–nanocrystalline core is associated with reduced magnetic loss and improved domain regularity and, together with closed-loop feedback, enables a noise floor of 8 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz.
3 The sensor enables Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) immunomagnetic detection with a linear range of 50 fg mL−1–100 ng mL−1 and a detection limit of 50 fg mL−1, demonstrating competitive sensitivity for AFP immunomagnetic detection.

Keywords

Orthogonal fluxgate Composite cores Amorphous-nanocrystalline Biomagnetic sensing Alpha-fetoprotein
Pu, Xiaofeng, Zhijun Sheng, Zhoulu Yu, Huaidong Li, Xintao Wei, Tao Yang, Qingfang Liu, Guozhi Chai, Xiaolei Liang, and Daqiang Gao. 2026. “Ultralow Noise Orthogonal Fluxgates Enabling Weak Magnetic Field and Biomolecular Detection”. Nano-Micro Letters 19 (August):19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02317-2.
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