Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

A Roadmap for Extreme-Mechanics Hydrogels: From Toughening Mechanisms to Intelligent System Integration

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02179-8
Aixin Tong
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Zhiyu Huang
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Annan He
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Sijie Qiao
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Zhicheng Shi
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Xiaotian Wang
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Zhen Chen
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Peiying Hu
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Kai Wang
Huanjiang Laboratory, Zhuji 311800, People’s Republic of China
Jin Qian
Huanjiang Laboratory, Zhuji 311800, People’s Republic of China
Weilin Xu
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
Fengxiang Chen
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Fengxiang Chen

fxchen_czx@wtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 328

Abstract

Hydrogels, as water-rich, three-dimensional polymer networks, have emerged as essential materials across diverse fields including bio-integrated electronics, load-bearing biomedical implants, and soft robotics. However, conventional hydrogels often fail under mechanical extremes, limiting their deployment in mechanically demanding environments. This review bridges this gap by presenting a transformative design paradigm that shifts the focus from merely robust hydrogels to intelligently adaptive systems capable of withstanding and dynamically responding to extreme mechanical environments. We first deconstruct the fundamental toughening mechanisms—including sacrificial bonding, topological entanglements, and nanocomposite reinforcement—that form the foundation of mechanical robustness. Moving beyond static strength, we critically examine how stimuli-responsive elements (e.g., temperature, light, pH, magnetic fields) can be integrated to enable real-time, dynamic modulation of mechanical properties. Advanced fabrication strategies, particularly bioinspired structuring and 3D printing, are highlighted as essential tools for achieving hierarchical architectures that optimize stress distribution and functional integration. Finally, we showcase pioneering applications in artificial muscles, wearable sensors, and adaptive tissue scaffolds, culminating in a forward-looking perspective on the convergence of artificial intelligence, multiscale modeling, and self-growing materials to guide the development of next-generation autonomous hydrogel systems.


Highlights:
1 Scenario-adaptive design principles for extreme-mechanics hydrogels, connecting application-specific mechanical requirements with multiscale material and structural design.
2 Mechanistic integration of extreme mechanical performance and multi-environmental responsiveness, enabled by dynamic networks, nanocomposite hybridization, and biomimetic hardsoft architectures.
3 System-level perspective on hydrogels as active components in intelligent systems, emphasizing multiscale structuring and closed-loop “sense–think–act” functionality.

Keywords

Extreme-mechanics Hydrogels Mechanisms Synthesis Applications
Tong, Aixin, Zhiyu Huang, Annan He, Sijie Qiao, Zhicheng Shi, Xiaotian Wang, Zhen Chen, Peiying Hu, Kai Wang, Jin Qian, Weilin Xu, and Fengxiang Chen. 2026. “A Roadmap for Extreme-Mechanics Hydrogels: From Toughening Mechanisms to Intelligent System Integration”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (April):328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02179-8.
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