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Vol. 18 (2026)

Advances in Surface/Interface Engineering of Under-Water Superaerophobic Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Manipulating of Bubbles

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02198-5
Annan He
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People’s Republic of China
Fengxiang Chen
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Jun He
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Xian Zhang
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People’s Republic of China
Shangzhen Xie
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People’s Republic of China
Na Yao
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Zhiguang Guo
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People’s Republic of China
Weilin Xu
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Weilin Xu

weilin_xu@wtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 352

Abstract

The ever-increasing consumption of fossil fuels has led to environmental crises, which accelerated the quest for sustainable hydrogen energy. Among various production routes, water electrolysis stands out as a promising approach. However, the efficiency of hydrogen evolution reaction is limited by the adhesion of gas bubbles on electrode surfaces, which blocks active sites, increases overpotential, and limits mass transfer. This review highlights the design of micro/nanostructured array electrodes to achieve underwater superaerophobicity, reducing bubble adhesion, facilitating the nucleation and rapid release of ultrasmall bubbles, thereby contributing to reduce in overpotential, faster bubble growth, enhanced mass transport, and improved catalyst stability. We summarize recent advances in fabrication strategies of such electrodes, focusing on micro/nanostructural designs, covering from 0 to 3-dimensional structures. Additionally, the role of hydrophilic gels in optimizing superaerophobicity is discussed. Finally, challenges and future directions are addressed, including bubble dynamics accurate modeling, development of high activity and stability catalysts, intelligent adaptive electrode structure and active bubble regulation, and the integration of artificial intelligence and deep learning for guided electrode design. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on how superaerophobic electrode design address bottlenecks in gas-evolving electrodes, paving the way toward more efficient and economical hydrogen production.


Highlights:
1 Comprehensive mechanistic understanding of bubble nucleation, growth, and detachment on superaerophobic electrodes.
2 Detailed explanation of the mechanism by which superaerophobic electrodes improve the efficiency of hydrogen evolution reaction.
3 Comprehensive analysis of micro/nanostructures and hydrophilic gels in bubble manipulating strategies during hydrogen evolution reaction.

Keywords

Hydrogen evolution reaction Superaerophobic electrodes Micro/nanostructure Bubble manipulation Electrocatalysis
He, Annan, Fengxiang Chen, Jun He, Xian Zhang, Shangzhen Xie, Na Yao, Zhiguang Guo, and Weilin Xu. 2026. “Advances in Surface/Interface Engineering of Under-Water Superaerophobic Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Manipulating of Bubbles”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (May):352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02198-5.
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