Issue

Vol. 14 (2022)

High-Performance Blue Quasi-2D Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Balanced Carrier Confinement and Transfer

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00807-7
Zhenwei Ren
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Jiayun Sun
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Jiahao Yu
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
Xiangtian Xiao
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Zhaojin Wang
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
Ruijia Zhang
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Kai Wang
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
Rui Chen
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
Yu Chen
School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
Wallace C. H. Choy
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Wallace C. H. Choy

chchoy@eee.hku.hk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 14 (2022), Article Number: 66

Abstract

Extensive investigation of the passivating agents has been performed to suppress the perovskite defects. However, very few attentions have been paid to rationally design the passivating agents for the balance of the carrier confinement and transfer in quasi-2D perovskites, which is essential to achieve high-performance perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs). In this work, tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO) with moderate carbon chain length is demonstrated as a decent passivator for the quasi-2D perovskites by strengthening the carrier confinement for massive radiative recombination within the perovskites, and more importantly providing efficient carrier transfer in the quasi-2D perovskites. Benefiting from these interesting optoelectronic properties of TBPO-incorporated perovskites, we achieve high-efficient blue PeLEDs with an external quantum efficiency up to 11.5% and operational stability as long as 41.1 min without any shift of the electroluminescence spectra. Consequently, this work contributes an effective approach to promote the carrier confinement and transfer for high-performance and stable blue PeLEDs.


Highlights:


1 A new concept to optimize the passivating agents for the balance of the carrier confinement and transfer in blue quasi-2D perovskites.
2 The moderate tributylphosphine oxide is introduced into the quasi-2D perovskites to simultaneously strengthen the carrier confinement for massive radiative recombination as well as promote efficient carrier transfer in the quasi-2D perovskites.
3 High-efficient and stable blue PeLEDs are achieved with an external quantum efficiency of 11.5% and a very long operational stability of 41.1 min without any shift of the electroluminescence spectra.

Keywords

Blue perovskite LEDs Carrier confinement and transfer Defect passivation 2-Dimentional
Ren, Zhenwei, Jiayun Sun, Jiahao Yu, Xiangtian Xiao, Zhaojin Wang, Ruijia Zhang, Kai Wang, Rui Chen, Yu Chen, and Wallace C. H. Choy. 2022. “High-Performance Blue Quasi-2D Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Balanced Carrier Confinement and Transfer”. Nano-Micro Letters 14 (February):66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00807-7.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. L.N. Quan, B.P. Rand, R.H. Friend, S.G. Mhaisalkar, T.W. Lee et al., Perovskites for next-generation optical sources. Chem. Rev. 119(12), 7444–7477 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00107
  2. Z.K. Tan, R.S. Moghaddam, M.L. Lai, P. Docampo, R. Higler et al., Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 687–692 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.149
  3. L. Protesescu, S. Yakunin, M.I. Bodnarchuk, F. Krieg, R. Caputo et al., Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I): novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut. Nano Lett. 15(6), 3692–3696 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5048779
  4. J. Wang, N. Wang, Y. Jin, J. Si, Z.K. Tan et al., Interfacial control toward efficient and low-voltage perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 27(14), 2311–2316 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405217
  5. J. Song, J. Li, X. Li, L. Xu, Y. Dong et al., Quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on inorganic perovskite cesium lead halides (CsPbX3). Adv. Mater. 27(44), 7162–7167 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201502567
  6. H. Cho, S.H. Jeong, M.H. Park, Y.H. Kim, C. Wolf et al., Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Science 350(6265), 1222–1225 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad1818
  7. K. Lin, J. Xing, L.N. Quan, F.P.G. Arquer, X. Gong et al., Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 percent. Nature 562, 245–248 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0575-3
  8. Y. Cao, N. Wang, H. Tian, J. Guo, Y. Wei et al., Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed submicrometre-scale structures. Nature 562, 249–253 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0576-2
  9. B. Zhao, S. Bai, V. Kim, R. Lamboll, R. Shivanna et al., High-efficiency perovskite–polymer bulk heterostructure light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 12, 783–789 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0283-4
  10. Y. Dong, Y.K. Wang, F. Yuan, A. Johnston, Y. Liu et al., Bipolar-shell resurfacing for blue LEDs based on strongly confined perovskite quantum dots. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 668–674 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0714-5
  11. M. Karlsson, Z. Yi, S. Reichert, X. Luo, W. Lin et al., Mixed halide perovskites for spectrally stable and high-efficiency blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 12, 361 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20582-6
  12. Q. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Yang, N. Zhou, Y. Deng et al., Efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes via photoluminescence enhancement. Nat. Commun. 10, 5633 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13580-w
  13. Z. Chu, Y. Zhao, F. Ma, C.X. Zhang, H. Deng et al., Large cation ethylammonium incorporated perovskite for efficient and spectra stable blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 11, 4165 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17943-6
  14. Y. Liu, Z. Yu, S. Chen, J.H. Park, E.D. Jung et al., Boosting the efficiency of quasi-2D perovskites light-emitting diodes by using encapsulation growth method. Nano Energy 80, 105511 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105511
  15. N.K. Kumawat, A. Dey, A. Kumar, S.P. Gopinathan, K.L. Narasimhan et al., Band gap tuning of CH3NH3Pb(Br1–xClx)3 hybrid perovskite for blue electroluminescence. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(24), 13119–13124 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b02159
  16. H.P. Kim, J. Kim, B.S. Kim, H.M. Kim, J. Kim et al., High-efficiency, blue, green, and near-infrared light-emitting diodes based on triple cation perovskite. Adv. Opt. Mater. 5(7), 1600920 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201600920
  17. P. Du, J. Li, L. Wang, J. Liu, S. Li et al., Vacuum-deposited blue inorganic perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(50), 47083–47090 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b17164
  18. L. Cheng, C. Yi, Y. Tong, L. Zhu, G. Kusch et al., Halide homogenization for high-performance blue perovskite electroluminescence. Research 2020, 9017871 (2020). https://doi.org/10.34133/2020/9017871
  19. H. Wang, Y. Xu, J. Wu, L. Chen, Q. Yang et al., Bright and color-stable blue-light-emitting diodes based on three-dimensional perovskite polycrystalline films via morphology and interface engineering. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11(4), 1411–1418 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03714
  20. J. Pan, L.N. Quan, Y. Zhao, W. Peng, B. Murali et al., Highly efficient perovskite-quantum-dot light-emitting diodes by surface engineering. Adv. Mater. 28(39), 8718–8725 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600784
  21. E.P. Yao, Z. Yang, L. Meng, P. Sun, S. Dong et al., High-brightness blue and white LEDs based on inorganic perovskite nanocrystals and their composites. Adv. Mater. 29(23), 1606859 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201606859
  22. S. Hou, M.K. Gangishetty, Q. Quan, D.N. Congreve, Efficient blue and white perovskite light-emitting diodes via manganese doping. Joule 2(11), 2421–2433 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.005
  23. B.B. Zhang, S. Yuan, J.P. Ma, W. Zheng, H. Shen et al., General mild reaction creates highly luminescent organic-ligand-lacking halide perovskite nanocrystals for efficient light-emitting diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(38), 15423–15432 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b08140
  24. F. Zhang, J. Song, B. Cai, X. Chen, C. Wei et al., Stabilizing electroluminescence color of blue perovskite LEDs via amine group doping. Sci. Bull. 66(21), 2189–2198 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2021.04.033
  25. X. Zheng, S. Yuan, J. Liu, J. Yin, F. Yuan et al., Chlorine vacancy passivation in mixed halide perovskite quantum dots by organic pseudohalides enables efficient rec 2020 blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Energy Lett. 5(3), 793–798 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00057
  26. W. Xu, R. Ji, P. Liu, L. Cheng, L. Zhu et al., In situ-fabricated perovskite nanocrystals for deep-blue light-emitting diodes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11(24), 10348–10353 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03120
  27. C. Bi, Z. Yao, X. Sun, X. Wei, J. Wang et al., Perovskite quantum dots with ultralow trap density by acid etching-driven ligand exchange for high luminance and stable pure-blue light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 33(15), 2006722 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006722
  28. D. Liang, Y. Peng, Y. Fu, M.J. Shearer, J. Zhang et al., Color-pure violet-light-emitting diodes based on layered lead halide perovskite nanoplates. ACS Nano 10(7), 6897–6904 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b02683
  29. Y. Wu, C. Wei, X. Li, Y. Li, S. Qiu et al., In situ passivation of PbBr64– octahedra toward blue luminescent CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets with near 100% absolute quantum yield. ACS Energy Lett. 3(9), 2030–2037 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01025
  30. C. Zhang, Q. Wan, B. Wang, W. Zheng, M. Liu et al., Surface ligand engineering toward brightly luminescent and stable cesium lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets for efficient blue-light-emitting diodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 123(43), 26161–26169 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b09034
  31. S. Peng, Z. Wen, T. Ye, X. Xiao, K. Wang et al., Effective surface ligand-concentration tuning of deep-blue luminescent FAPbBr3 nanoplatelets with enhanced stability and charge transport. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(28), 31863–31874 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08552
  32. W. Yin, M. Li, W. Dong, Z. Luo, Y. Li et al., Multidentate ligand polyethylenimine enables bright color-saturated blue light-emitting diodes based on CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets. ACS Energy Lett. 6(2), 477–484 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02651
  33. L. Cheng, Y. Cao, R. Ge, Y.Q. Wei, N.N. Wang et al., Sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes based on quasi-two-dimensional layered perovskites. Chin. Chem. Lett. 28(1), 29–31 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2016.07.001
  34. Q. Wang, J. Ren, X.F. Peng, X.X. Ji, X.H. Yang, Efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting devices based on ethylammonium bromide induced layered perovskites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(35), 29901–29906 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07458
  35. J. Xing, Y. Zhao, M. Askerka, L.N. Quan, X. Gong et al., Color-stable highly luminescent sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 9, 3541 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05909-8
  36. Z. Ren, X. Xiao, R. Ma, H. Lin, K. Wang et al., Hole transport bilayer structure for quasi-2D perovskite based blue light-emitting diodes with high brightness and good spectral stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(43), 1905339 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905339
  37. Y. Jiang, C. Qin, M. Cui, T. He, K. Liu et al., Spectra stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 10, 1868 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09794-7
  38. Z. Li, Z. Chen, Y. Yang, Q. Xue, H.L. Yip et al., Modulation of recombination zone position for quasi-two-dimensional blue perovskite light-emitting diodes with efficiency exceeding 5%. Nat. Commun. 10, 1027 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09011-5
  39. Y. Liu, J. Cui, K. Du, H. Tian, Z. He et al., Efficient blue light-emitting diodes based on quantum-confined bromide perovskite nanostructures. Nat. Photonics 13, 760–764 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0505-4
  40. C. Wang, D. Han, J. Wang, Y. Yang, X. Liu et al., Dimension control of in situ fabricated CsPbClBr2 nanocrystal films toward efficient blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 11, 6428 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20163-7
  41. Y.K. Wang, D. Ma, F. Yuan, K. Singh, J.M. Pina et al., Chelating-agent-assisted control of CsPbBr3 quantum well growth enables stable blue perovskite emitters. Nat. Commun. 11, 3674 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17482-0
  42. M. Yuan, L.N. Quan, R. Comin, G. Walters, R. Sabatini et al., Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 872–877 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.110
  43. P. Pang, G. Jin, C. Liang, B. Wang, W. Xiang et al., Rearranging low-dimensional phase distribution of quasi-2D perovskites for efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Nano 14(9), 11420–11430 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03765
  44. Z. Ren, J. Yu, Z. Qin, J. Wang, J. Sun et al., High-performance blue perovskite light-emitting diodes enabled by efficient energy transfer between coupled quasi-2D perovskite layers. Adv. Mater. 33(1), 202005570 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005570
  45. L. Cheng, T. Jiang, Y. Cao, C. Yi, N. Wang et al., Multiple-quantum-well perovskites for high-performance light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 32(15), 1904163 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904163
  46. Z. Ren, K. Wang, X.W. Sun, W.C.H. Choy, Strategies toward efficient blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(30), 2100516 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100516
  47. S. Yang, J. Dai, Z. Yu, Y. Shao, Y. Zhou et al., Tailoring passivation molecular structures for extremely small open-circuit voltage loss in perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(14), 5781–5787 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b13091
  48. Z. Chu, Q. Ye, Y. Zhao, F. Ma, Z. Yin et al., Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 22% via small-molecule passivation. Adv. Mater. 33(18), 2007169 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202007169
  49. W. Xu, Q. Hu, S. Bai, C. Bao, Y. Miao et al., Rational molecular passivation for high-performance perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 13, 418–424 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0390-x
  50. J. Yao, L. Wang, K. Wang, Y. Yin, J. Yang et al., Calcium-tributylphosphine oxide passivation enables the efficiency of pure-blue perovskite light-emitting diode up to 3.3%. Sci. Bull. 65(14), 1150–1153 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.03.036
  51. D.W. deQuilettes, S. Koch, S. Burke, R.K. Paranji, A.J. Shropshire et al., Photoluminescence lifetimes exceeding 8 μs and quantum yields exceeding 30% in hybrid perovskite thin films by ligand passivation. ACS Energy Lett. 1(2), 438–444 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00236
  52. X. Yang, X. Zhang, J. Deng, Z. Chu, Q. Jiang et al., Efficient green light-emitting diodes based on quasi-two-dimensional composition and phase engineered perovskite with surface passivation. Nat. Commun. 9, 570 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02978-7
  53. D.P. McMeekin, Z. Wang, W. Rehman, F. Pulvirenti, J.B. Patel et al., Crystallization kinetics and morphology control of formamidinium–cesium mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite via tunability of the colloidal precursor solution. Adv. Mater. 29(29), 1607039 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201607039
  54. Y. Shang, Y. Liao, Q. Wei, Z. Wang, B. Xiang et al., Highly stable hybrid perovskite light-emitting diodes based on Dion-Jacobson structure. Sci. Adv. 5(8), eaaw8072 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw8072
  55. Z. Chen, C. Zhang, X.F. Jiang, M. Liu, R. Xia et al., High-performance color-tunable perovskite light emitting devices through structural modulation from bulk to layered film. Adv. Mater. 29(8), 1603157 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603157
  56. Z. Ren, L. Li, J. Yu, R. Ma, X. Xiao et al., Simultaneous low-order phase suppression and defect passivation for efficient and stable blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Energy Lett. 5(8), 2569–2579 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01015
  57. F. Zhang, B. Cai, J. Song, B. Han, B. Zhang et al., Efficient blue perovskite light-emitting diodes boosted by 2D/3D energy cascade channels. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(27), 2001732 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202001732
  58. Y. Yao, H. Yu, Y. Wu, Y. Lu, Z. Liu et al., Efficient quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on trioctylphosphine oxide-passivated organometallic halide perovskites. ACS Omega 4(5), 9150–9159 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00464
  59. L. Xie, J. Chen, P. Vashishtha, X. Zhao, G.S. Shin et al., Importance of functional groups in cross-linking methoxysilane additives for high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 4(9), 2192–2200 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01356
  60. D. Bi, C. Yi, J. Luo, J.D. Décoppet, F. Zhang et al., Polymer-templated nucleation and crystal growth of perovskite films for solar cells with efficiency greater than 21%. Nat. Energy 1, 16142 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.142
  61. L. Zhang, X. Yang, Q. Jiang, P. Wang, Z. Yin et al., Ultra-bright and highly efficient inorganic based perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 8, 15640 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15640
  62. C. Katan, N. Mercier, J. Even, Quantum and dielectric confinement effects in lower-dimensional hybrid perovskite semiconductors. Chem. Rev. 119(5), 3140–3192 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00417
  63. J. Liu, J. Leng, K. Wu, J. Zhang, S. Jin, Observation of internal photoinduced electron and hole separation in hybrid two-dimentional perovskite films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139(4), 1432–1435 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b12581
  64. X. Qu, N. Zhang, R. Cai, B. Kang, S. Chen et al., Improving blue quantum dot light-emitting diodes by a lithium fluoride interfacial layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 071101 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5087102
  65. F. Yang, H. Chen, R. Zhang, X. Liu, W. Zhang et al., Efficient and spectrally stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes based on potassium passivated nanocrystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(10), 1908760 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908760
  66. Y. Jin, Z.K. Wang, S. Yuan, Q. Wang, C. Qin et al., Synergistic effect of dual ligands on stable blue quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(6), 1908339 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908339
  67. Y. Shen, K.C. Shen, Y.Q. Li, M. Guo, J. Wang et al., Interfacial potassium-guided grain growth for efficient deep-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(6), 2006736 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006736
  68. M. Worku, Q. He, L. Xu, J. Hong, R.X. Yang et al., Phase control and in situ passivation of quasi-2D metal halide perovskites for spectrally stable blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(40), 45056–45063 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c12451
  69. N. Yantara, N.F. Jamaludin, B. Febriansyah, D. Giovanni, A. Bruno et al., Designing the perovskite structural landscape for efficient blue emission. ACS Energy Lett. 5(5), 1593–1600 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00559
  70. F. Yuan, C. Ran, L. Zhang, H. Dong, B. Jiao et al., A cocktail of multiple cations in inorganic halide perovskite toward efficient and highly stable blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Energy Lett. 5(4), 1062–1069 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02562
  71. D. Ma et al., Chloride insertion–immobilization enables bright, narrowband, and stable blue-emitting perovskite diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142(11), 5126–5134 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b12323
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Statistic
Read Counter : 3632 Download : 2733

Most read articles by the same author(s)