Issue

Vol. 19 (2027)

Multi-Electron Transfer in Zinc-Based Batteries: Unraveling Redox Mechanisms Toward Next-Generation Self-Powered Technologies

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02329-y
Chao Zhou
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian National Lab for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Jiaju Zhou
China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China
Xiaojun Guo
Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
Haoxiang Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian National Lab for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Sajian Wu
China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China
Xiaoyu Yu
Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Aqueous Battery Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Electron Microscope Center of Fudan University, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
Xudong Li
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian National Lab for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Dexu Zheng
China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China
Hao Du
Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
Wei Song
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian National Lab for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Yuanming Gao
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian National Lab for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Hanying Wang
School of New Energy, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, People’s Republic of China
Dong Yang
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian National Lab for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Xianyong Wu
Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00925, USA
Dongliang Chao
Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Aqueous Battery Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Electron Microscope Center of Fudan University, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
Shengzhong Frank Liu
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian National Lab for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Shengzhong Frank Liu

szliu@dicp.ac.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 19 (2027), Article Number: 56

Abstract

The rapid expansion of autonomous IoT networks and wearable electronics has intensified the demand for photo-rechargeable zinc-based batteries (PRZBBs). While realizing high overall energy conversion efficiency intrinsically relies on cathode materials capable of multi-electron transfer reactions, current literature largely treats the fundamental electrochemistry of aqueous zinc batteries and the macroscopic engineering of solar-integrated devices as isolated domains. This review bridges this critical gap, offering a unique positioning by establishing a unified analytical framework that directly links fundamental multi-electron redox mechanisms to the dynamic architectural requirements of PRZBBs. Moving beyond a conventional cataloging of material classes, we critically evaluate diverse cathode platforms, including transition metal oxides, Prussian blue analogues, organics, halogens, and sulfur. Our incremental contribution lies in decoupling how specific multi-step reaction kinetics, distinct voltage plateaus, and dominant charge carriers dictate solar cell coupling strategies, particularly concerning maximum power point matching and intermittent charging adaptability. Furthermore, we critically and systematically assess the practical bottlenecks of these chemistries, such as shuttle effects, kinetic limitations, and voltage hysteresis, that hinder scalable integration. Finally, we distill these insights into a prioritized, roadmap-oriented perspective, outlining the short- to long-term engineering and scientific milestones necessary to translate fundamental multi-electron zinc chemistry into next-generation, commercially viable self-powered technologies.


Highlights:
1 A unified analytical framework is established that directly links multi-electron redox mechanisms of diverse cathode chemistries with the dynamic device-level requirements for photo-rechargeable zinc-based batteries.
2 The critical influence of multi-step reaction kinetics, distinct voltage plateaus, and dominant charge carriers on solar cell coupling strategies is decoupled, with emphasis on maximum power point matching and intermittent charging adaptability.
3 A prioritized, roadmap-oriented perspective is provided, delineating the short- to long-term scientific and engineering milestones needed to translate multi-electron zinc chemistry into commercially viable self-powered technologies.

Keywords

Multi-electron transfer Zinc-based batteries Photo-rechargeable Overall energy conversion efficiency
Zhou, Chao, Jiaju Zhou, Xiaojun Guo, Haoxiang Zhang, Sajian Wu, Xiaoyu Yu, Xudong Li, Dexu Zheng, Hao Du, Wei Song, Yuanming Gao, Hanying Wang, Dong Yang, Xianyong Wu, Dongliang Chao, and Shengzhong Frank Liu. 2026. “Multi-Electron Transfer in Zinc-Based Batteries: Unraveling Redox Mechanisms Toward Next-Generation Self-Powered Technologies”. Nano-Micro Letters 19 (October):56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02329-y.
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