Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Nature-Inspired Redox Shuttle with Regenerable Antioxidant for Efficient All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02006-6
Rui Meng
Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Sanhang Science & Technology Building, No.45th, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City 518057, People’s Republic of China
Liming Du
Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Sanhang Science & Technology Building, No.45th, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City 518057, People’s Republic of China
Can Li
Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Sanhang Science & Technology Building, No.45th, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City 518057, People’s Republic of China
Zhi Wan
Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Sanhang Science & Technology Building, No.45th, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City 518057, People’s Republic of China
Jishan Shi
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Yueying Zhang
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
Wenfeng Liu
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Chongyang Zhi
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Chunmei Jia
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Lili Tan
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Chuanxiao Xiao
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
Xian‑Zong Wang
Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Lin Song
State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LOFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Xingyu Gao
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
Zhen Li
Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Sanhang Science & Technology Building, No.45th, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City 518057, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Can Li

lican@nwpu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 165

Abstract

Pb–Sn mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are crucial components for realizing efficient all-perovskite tandem devices. However, their efficiency and stability are severely limited by oxidative degradation (Sn4+ formation) and metallic defects (Sn0/Pb0). In addition, the rapid and uncontrolled Sn2+ nucleation kinetics result in nonuniform crystallization. Herein, we introduce a natural redox shuttle glutathione (GSH) in Pb–Sn mixed PSCs, achieving regenerable antioxidation and crystallization regulation simultaneously. The reversible redox reactions between GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) enable the self-healing of Sn4+ and Sn0/Pb0 impurities, creating a regenerable antioxidation protective shell at the perovskite interfaces. Meanwhile, the strong coordination between GSH and perovskite regulates the crystallization process, optimizing the nucleation and crystallization kinetics. Furthermore, the GSH incorporation creates a high-quality charge separation junction at the perovskite/hole transport layer, facilitating carrier separation and extraction. The optimized Pb–Sn PSCs exhibit impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 23.71%. The champion all-perovskite tandem PSCs with GSH achieve a PCE of 28.49% and retain 90% of the initial PCE after 560 h of continuous illumination. This work establishes a new nature-inspired redox shuttling strategy and elucidates its working mechanism, advancing the development of efficient and stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells.


Highlights:
1 A natural and regenerable redox shuttle is established using glutathione (GSH) to eliminate harmful Sn4+ and Sn0/Pb0 impurities.
2 The GSH incorporation regulates the perovskite crystallization process and leads to the formation of a high-quality charge separation junction.
3 The GSH-modified Pb-Sn perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.71%. Furthermore, the resulting all-perovskite tandem solar cells exhibit a PCE of 28.49% and retain 90% of the initial PCE after 560 h of continuous operation.

Keywords

Pb–Sn perovskite Redox shuttle Crystallization regulation All-perovskite tandem Stability
Meng, Rui, Liming Du, Can Li, Zhi Wan, Jishan Shi, Yueying Zhang, Wenfeng Liu, Chongyang Zhi, Chunmei Jia, Lili Tan, Chuanxiao Xiao, Xian‑Zong Wang, Lin Song, Xingyu Gao, and Zhen Li. 2026. “Nature-Inspired Redox Shuttle With Regenerable Antioxidant for Efficient All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02006-6.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. J. Wang, B. Jiao, R. Tian, K. Sun, Y. Meng et al., Less-acidic boric acid-functionalized self-assembled monolayer for mitigating NiOx corrosion for efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Nat. Commun. 16, 4148 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59515-6
  2. J. Wang, S. Hu, H. Zhu, S. Liu, Z. Zhang et al., Mercapto-functionalized scaffold improves perovskite buried interfaces for tandem photovoltaics. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 4917 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59891-z
  3. M.A. Green, E.D. Dunlop, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, K. Bothe, G. Siefer, D. Hinken, M. Rauer, J. Hohl‐Ebinger, X. Hao, Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 64). Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 32(7), 425–441 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3831
  4. C. Duan, K. Zhang, Z. Peng, S. Li, F. Zou et al., Durable all-inorganic perovskite tandem photovoltaics. Nature 637(8048), 1111–1117 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08432-7
  5. R. Liu, C. Lan, M. Zeng, Z. Zheng, X. Zheng, R. Guo, J. Guo, S. Yang, Z. Wang, X. Li, Precisely tuning 3D/quasi-2D perovskite heterojunctions in wide-bandgap perovskites for high-performance tandem solar cells. Adv. Mater. 37(34), 2504321 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202504321
  6. Z. Lin, J. Chen, K. Fan, J. Yi, H. Chen, S. Zou, H. Min, Y. Xu, M. Yu Lam, S.A. Aleksandr, K.S. Wong, He. Yan, K. Yan, Suppressing the interface photodegradation towards efficient and stable all perovskite tandem solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(31), e202424825 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202424825
  7. P. Li, X. Cao, J. Li, B. Jiao, X. Hou et al., Ligand engineering in tin-based perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 167 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01143-0
  8. K.-W. Yeom, D.-K. Lee, N.-G. Park, Hard and soft acid and base (HSAB) engineering for efficient and stable Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(48), 2202496 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202496
  9. J. Cao, H.-L. Loi, Y. Xu, X. Guo, N. Wang, H.-L. Loi, C.-k Liu, T. Wang, H. Cheng, Ye. Zhu, M.G. Li, W.-Y. Wong, F. Yan, High-performance tin-lead mixed-perovskite solar cells with vertical compositional gradient. Adv. Mater. 34(6), e2107729 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202107729
  10. B. Li, B. Chang, L. Pan, Z. Li, L. Fu et al., Tin-based defects and passivation strategies in tin-related perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 5(12), 3752–3772 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01796
  11. S. Fu, N. Sun, Y. Xian, L. Chen, Y. Li et al., Suppressed deprotonation enables a durable buried interface in tin-lead perovskite for all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Joule 8(8), 2220–2237 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.05.007
  12. R. Lin, K. Xiao, Z. Qin, Q. Han, C. Zhang et al., Monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells with 24.8% efficiency exploiting comproportionation to suppress Sn(ii) oxidation in precursor ink. Nat. Energy 4(10), 864–873 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0466-3
  13. X. Xu, C.-C. Chueh, Z. Yang, A. Rajagopal, J. Xu et al., Ascorbic acid as an effective antioxidant additive to enhance the efficiency and stability of Pb/Sn-based binary perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy 34, 392–398 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.02.040
  14. H. Liu, L. Wang, R. Li, B. Shi, P. Wang et al., Modulated crystallization and reduced VOC deficit of mixed lead–tin perovskite solar cells with antioxidant caffeic acid. ACS Energy Lett. 6(8), 2907–2916 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01217
  15. Z. Lin, J. Chen, C. Duan, K. Fan, J. Li et al., Self-assembly construction of a homojunction of Sn–Pb perovskite using an antioxidant for all-perovskite tandem solar cells with improved efficiency and stability. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(17), 6314–6322 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE01539H
  16. D. Yu, M. Pan, G. Liu, X. Jiang, X. Wen et al., Electron-withdrawing organic ligand for high-efficiency all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Nat. Energy 9(3), 298–307 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01441-2
  17. W. Zhou, Y. Chen, N. Li, Z. Huang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Guo, R. Yin, Y. Ma, F. Pei, H. Xie, H. Zai, L. Wang, Z. Qiu, Q. Chen, H. Zhou, A soldering flux tackles complex defects chemistry in Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 36(35), 2405807 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202405807
  18. X. Ding, M. Yan, C. Chen, M. Zhai, H. Wang, Y. Tian, L. Wang, L. Sun, M. Cheng, Efficient and stable tin-lead mixed perovskite solar cells using post-treatment additive with synergistic effects. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(8), e202317676 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202317676
  19. F. Zheng, N. Yang, S. Li, X. Xue, J. Ren, Y. Hao, 3-hydrazinylpyridine hydrochloride regulating crystallization kinetics of tin-lead perovskite prepared by two-step method. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(10), 2416545 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202416545
  20. Y. Zhang, C. Li, H. Zhao, Z. Yu, X. Tang et al., Synchronized crystallization in tin-lead perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 15, 6887 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51361-2
  21. J. Zhou, S. Fu, S. Zhou, L. Huang, C. Wang et al., Mixed tin-lead perovskites with balanced crystallization and oxidation barrier for all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 2324 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46679-w
  22. S. Hu, J. Wang, P. Zhao, J. Pascual, J. Wang et al., Steering perovskite precursor solutions for multijunction photovoltaics. Nature 639(8053), 93–101 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08546-y
  23. S. Zhou, S. Fu, C. Wang, W. Meng, J. Zhou et al., Aspartate all-in-one doping strategy enables efficient all-perovskite tandems. Nature 624(7990), 69–73 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06707-z
  24. I.S. Harris, A.E. Treloar, S. Inoue, M. Sasaki, C. Gorrini et al., Glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant pathways synergize to drive cancer initiation and progression. Cancer Cell 27(2), 211–222 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.019
  25. C. Wang, W. Sui, W. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Xing et al., Recent advances in polysulfide-based prodrug nanomedicines for cancer therapy. Coord. Chem. Rev. 519, 216138 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2024.216138
  26. X. Gong, L. Sui, J. Morton, M.A. Brennan, C.S. Brennan, Investigation of nutritional and functional effects of rice bran protein hydrolysates by using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines: a review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 110, 798–811 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.089
  27. L. Wang, X. Zhang, P. Xu, J. Yan, Y. Zhang et al., Exploration of sea anemone-inspired high-performance biomaterials with enhanced antioxidant activity. Bioact. Mater. 10, 504–514 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.08.021
  28. Y.-M. Go, D.P. Jones, Intracellular proatherogenic events and cell adhesion modulated by extracellular thiol/disulfide redox state. Circulation 111(22), 2973–2980 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.515155
  29. S. Stringer, C.A. Rhoads, A. Ekshyyan, L. Coe, T.Y. Aw, Maintenance of cellular NADPH is critical to intestinal cell survival during oxidative challenge: role of glucose and pentose phosphate shunt activity. Gastroenterology 124(4), A601 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)83045-7
  30. J. Liang, X. Hu, C. Wang, C. Liang, C. Chen et al., Origins and influences of metallic lead in perovskite solar cells. Joule 6(4), 816–833 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.03.005
  31. U.R. Pendurthi, S. Ghosh, S.K. Mandal, L.V.M. Rao, Tissue factor activation: is disulfide bond switching a regulatory mechanism? Blood 110(12), 3900–3908 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-07-101469
  32. P. Bull, U. Wyneken, P. Valenzuela, The reactivity of sulfhydryl groups of yeast DNA dependent RNA polymerase I. Nucleic Acids Res. 10(17), 5149–5160 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/10.17.5149
  33. H. Liu, Z. Zhang, W. Zuo, R. Roy, M. Li, M.M. Byranvand, M. Saliba, Pure tin halide perovskite solar cells: focusing on preparation and strategies. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(3), 2202209 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202209
  34. X. Jin, S. Kang, S. Tanaka, S. Park, Monitoring the glutathione redox reaction in living human cells by combining metabolic labeling with heteronuclear NMR. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55(28), 7939–7942 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601026
  35. G.A. Nagana Gowda, V. Pascua, D. Raftery, Extending the scope of 1H NMR-based blood metabolomics for the analysis of labile antioxidants: reduced and oxidized glutathione. Anal. Chem. 93(44), 14844–14850 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03763
  36. E. Gaggelli, F. Berti, N. D’Amelio, N. Gaggelli, G. Valensin et al., Metabolic pathways of carcinogenic chromium. Environ. Health Perspect. 110(suppl 5), 733–738 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110s5733
  37. Y. Bai, R. Tian, K. Sun, C. Liu, X. Lang et al., Decoupling light- and oxygen-induced degradation mechanisms of Sn–Pb perovskites in all perovskite tandem solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(22), 8557–8569 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE02427C
  38. M. Yang, Y. Bai, Y. Meng, R. Tian, K. Sun, X. Lu, H. Pan, J. Wang, S. Zhou, J. Zhang, Z. Song, Y. Wang, C. Liu, Z. Ge, Sn-Pb perovskite with strong light and oxygen stability for all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Adv. Mater. 37(4), 2415627 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202415627
  39. H. Tai, K. Nishikawa, Y. Higuchi, Z.-W. Mao, S. Hirota, Cysteine SH and glutamate COOH contributions to [NiFe] hydrogenase proton transfer revealed by highly sensitive FTIR spectroscopy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58(38), 13285–13290 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201904472
  40. H. Li, B. Chang, L. Wang, Z. Wang, L. Pan et al., Surface reconstruction for tin-based perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 7(11), 3889–3899 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01624
  41. D. Wang, M. Chen, X. Lei, Y. Wang, Y. Bao, X. Huang, P. Zhu, J. Zeng, X. Wang, SaiWing Tsang, F. Li, B. Xu, A.-Y. Jen, All-in-one additive enabled efficient and stable narrow-bandgap perovskites for monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Adv. Mater. 36(52), 2411677 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202411677
  42. M. Xie, Z. Lv, W. Zhao, Y. Fang, J. Huang et al., Intercalated hydrates stabilize bulky MoS2 anode for lithium-ion battery. Chem. Eng. J. 470, 144282 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144282
  43. M. Ma, C. Zhang, Y. Ma, W. Li, Y. Wang, S. Wu, C. Liu, Y. Mai, Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells and modules enabled by tailoring additive distribution according to the film growth dynamics. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 39 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01538-7
  44. H. Liu, G. Jin, J. Wang, W. Zhang, L. Qing et al., Quantum dots mediated crystallization enhancement in two-step processed perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 169 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01677-5
  45. L. Liu, Y. Ma, Y. Wang, Q. Ma, Z. Wang et al., Hole-transport management enables 23%-efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells with 84% fill factor. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 117 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01088-4
  46. Y.-H. Huang, S.-Y. Zou, C.-Y. Sheng, Y.-C. Fang, X.-D. Wang, W. Wei, W.-G. Li, D.-B. Kuang, Lattice anchoring stabilizes α-FAPbI3 perovskite for high-performance X-ray detectors. Nano-Micro Lett. 18(1), 14 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01856-4
  47. H. Zheng, G. Liu, X. Dong, F. Chen, C. Wang et al., Self-regulated bilateral anchoring enables efficient charge transport pathways for high-performance rigid and flexible perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 328 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01846-6
  48. Y. Chang, L. Liu, L. Qi, J. Du, Q. Du et al., Highly oriented and ordered co-assembly monolayers for inverted perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(5), e202418883 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202418883
  49. S. Wang, T. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Du, W. Huang, L. Cheng, H. Li, P. Wang, Y. Wang, Yi. Zhang, C. Ma, P. Liu, G. Zhao, Z. Ding, S (Frank). Liu, K. Zhao, In situ self-elimination of defects via controlled perovskite crystallization dynamics for high-performance solar cells. Adv. Mater. 35(42), 2305314 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202305314
  50. S. Pratap, F. Babbe, N.S. Barchi, Z. Yuan, T. Luong et al., Out-of-equilibrium processes in crystallization of organic-inorganic perovskites during spin coating. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 5624 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25898-5
  51. M. Qin, P.F. Chan, X. Lu, A systematic review of metal halide perovskite crystallization and film formation mechanism unveiled by in situ GIWAXS. Adv. Mater. 33(51), 2105290 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105290
  52. L. Zhu, X. Zhang, M. Li, X. Shang, K. Lei, B. Zhang, C. Chen, S. Zheng, H. Song, J. Chen, Trap state passivation by rational ligand molecule engineering toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells exceeding 23% efficiency. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(20), 2100529 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100529
  53. K. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Ma, Y. Gao, X. Feng, Q. Li, Li. Shang, N. Yuan, J. Ding, A.K.Y. Jen, J. You, S (Frank). Liu, Au nanocluster assisted microstructural reconstruction for buried interface healing for enhanced perovskite solar cell performance. Adv. Mater. 36(8), 2310651 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202310651
  54. T. Imran, H.S. Aziz, T. Iftikhar, M. Ahmad, H. Xie et al., Interfacial band bending and suppressing deep level defects via Eu-MOF-mediated cathode buffer layer in an MA-free inverted perovskite solar cell with high fill factor. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(19), 7234–7246 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee02894e
  55. X. Zhang, F. Liu, Y. Guan, Y. Zou, C. Wu et al., Reducing the V(oc) loss of hole transport layer-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells via dual interfacial passivation. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 258 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01775-4
  56. L. Huang, H. Cui, W. Zhang, D. Pu, G. Zeng, Y. Liu, S. Zhou, C. Wang, J. Zhou, H. Guan, W. Shen, G. Li, Ti. Wang, W. Zheng, G. Fang, W. Ke, Efficient narrow-bandgap mixed tin-lead perovskite solar cells via natural tin oxide doping. Adv. Mater. 35(32), 2301125 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202301125
  57. X. Li, Z. Ying, S. Li, L. Chen, M. Zhang et al., Top-down dual-interface carrier management for highly efficient and stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 141 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01631-x
  58. Q. Zhang, Q. Zhao, H. Wang, Y. Yao, L. Li et al., Tuning isomerism effect in organic bulk additives enables efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 107 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01613-z
  59. C. Xiao, Y. Zhai, Z. Song, K. Wang, C. Wang et al., Operando characterizations of light-induced junction evolution in perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(17), 20909–20916 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c22801
  60. C. Xiao, Q. Zhao, C.-S. Jiang, Y. Sun, M.M. Al-Jassim, S.U. Nanayakkara, J.M. Luther, Perovskite quantum dot solar cells: mapping interfacial energetics for improving charge separation. Nano Energy 78, 105319 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105319
  61. S. Jeong, S. Seo, H. Yang, H. Park, S. Shin et al., Cyclohexylammonium-based 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction with funnel-like energy band alignment for efficient solar cells (23.91%). Adv. Energy Mater. 11(42), 2102236 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102236
  62. H. Liu, Z. Lu, W. Zhang, H. Zhou, Y. Xia et al., Synergistic optimization of buried interface by multifunctional organic-inorganic complexes for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 156 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01130-5
  63. C. Geng, K. Zhang, C. Wang, C.H. Wu, J. Jiang, F. Long, L. Han, Q. Han, Y.-B. Cheng, Y. Peng, Crystallization modulation and holistic passivation enables efficient two-terminal perovskite/CuIn(Ga)Se2 tandem solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01514-1
  64. Y. Wang, Y. Cheng, C. Yin, J. Zhang, J. You et al., Manipulating crystal growth and secondary phase PbI2 to enable efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with natural additives. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 183 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01400-w
  65. T. Hu, Y. Wang, K. Liu, J. Liu, H. Zhang et al., Understanding the decoupled effects of cations and anions doping for high-performance perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 145 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01655-x
  66. P. Wu, S. Wang, J.H. Heo, H. Liu, X. Chen et al., Mixed cations enabled combined bulk and interfacial passivation for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 114 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01085-7
  67. C. Li, Z.S. Wang, H.L. Zhu, D. Zhang, J. Cheng, H. Lin, D. Ouyang, W.C.H. Choy, Thermionic emission–based interconnecting layer featuring solvent resistance for monolithic tandem solar cells with solution-processed perovskites. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(36), 1801954 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801954
  68. C. Li, Y. Wang, W.C.H. Choy, Efficient interconnection in perovskite tandem solar cells. Small Methods 4(7), 2000093 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202000093
  69. L. Du, C. Li, Y. Jiang, F. Cao, C. Jia et al., Indium oxide buffer layer for perovskite/Si 4-terminal tandem solar cells with efficiency exceeding 30%. J. Energy Chem. 102, 189–196 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2024.10.037
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF SUPPLEMENTARY FILE

Most read articles by the same author(s)