Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Current Challenges, Development, and Perspectives

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01914-x
Yang Zhao
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Transport Power Machinery, School of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, People’s Republic of China
Limin Geng
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Transport Power Machinery, School of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, People’s Republic of China
Weijia Meng
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Transport Power Machinery, School of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, People’s Republic of China
Jiaye Ye
School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia

Corresponding Author: Jiaye Ye

jiaye.ye@qut.edu.au

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 65

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), while dominant in energy storage due to high energy density and cycling stability, suffer from severe capacity decay, rate capability degradation, and lithium dendrite formation under low-temperature (LT) operation. Therefore, a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of LIB behavior at LT is urgently required. This review article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in electrolyte engineering strategies aimed at improving the low-temperature operational capabilities of LIBs. The study methodically examines critical performance-limiting mechanisms through fundamental analysis of four primary challenges: insufficient ionic conductivity under cryogenic conditions, kinetically hindered charge transfer processes, Li⁺ transport limitations across the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), and uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth. The work elaborates on innovative optimization approaches encompassing lithium salt molecular design with tailored dissociation characteristics, solvent matrix optimization through dielectric constant and viscosity regulation, interfacial engineering additives for constructing low-impedance SEI layers, and gel-polymer composite electrolyte systems. Notably, particular emphasis is placed on emerging machine learning-guided electrolyte formulation strategies that enable high-throughput virtual screening of constituent combinations and prediction of structure–property relationships. These artificial intelligence-assisted rational design frameworks demonstrate significant potential for accelerating the development of next-generation LT electrolytes by establishing quantitative composition-performance correlations through advanced data-driven methodologies.


Highlights:
1 Key electrolyte-related factors limiting the low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are analyzed.
2 Emerging strategies to enhance the low-temperature performance of LIBs are summarized from the perspectives of electrolyte engineering and artificial intelligence (AI) -assisted design.
3 Perspectives and challenges on AI-driven design, advanced characterization, and novel electrolyte systems for low-temperature LIBs.

Keywords

Lithium-ion batteries Low-temperature electrolyte Solid electrolyte interphase Solvation structure Artificial intelligence-assisted design
Zhao, Yang, Limin Geng, Weijia Meng, and Jiaye Ye. 2025. “Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Current Challenges, Development, and Perspectives”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (September):65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01914-x.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. W.-M. Qin, Z. Li, W.-X. Su, J.-M. Hu, H. Zou et al., Porous organic cage-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte with cavity-induced anion-trapping effect for long-life lithium metal batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 38 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01499-x
  2. J. You, Q. Wang, R. Wei, L. Deng, Y. Hu et al., Boosting high-voltage practical lithium metal batteries with tailored additives. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 257 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01479-1
  3. Y. Cao, J. Li, H. Qu, H. Ji, L. Li et al., Reconstruction of lithium replenishment channel with an amorphous structure for efficient regeneration of spent LiCoO2 cathodes. Energy Mater. Devices 3(1), 9370059 (2025). https://doi.org/10.26599/emd.2025.9370059
  4. J. Mohammadi Moradian, A. Ali, X. Yan, G. Pei, S. Zhang et al., Sensors innovations for smart lithium-based batteries: advancements, opportunities, and potential challenges. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 279 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01786-1
  5. Z. Han, P. Maitarad, N. Yodsin, B. Zhao, H. Ma et al., Catalysis-induced highly-stable interface on porous silicon for high-rate lithium-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 200 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01701-8
  6. H. Xiao, X. Li, Y. Fu, Advances in anion chemistry in the electrolyte design for better lithium batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 149 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01629-5
  7. F. Yu, Y. Mu, M. Han, J. Liu, K. Zheng et al., Electrochemically stable and ultrathin polymer-based solid electrolytes for dendrite-free all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Mater. Futur. 4(1), 015101 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5724/ada0cc
  8. H. Hu, J. Li, F. Lin, J. Huang, H. Zheng et al., Induction effect of fluorine-grafted polymer-based electrolytes for high-performance lithium metal batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 256 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01738-9
  9. F. Yao, J. Meng, X. Wang, J. Wang, L. Chang et al., Theoretical investigation of the doping effect on interface storage in the graphene/silicene heterostructure as the anode for lithium-ion batteries. Energy Mater. Devices 1(2), 9370020 (2023). https://doi.org/10.26599/emd.2023.9370020
  10. S. Dong, L. Shi, S. Geng, Y. Ning, C. Kang et al., Breaking solvation dominance effect enabled by ion-dipole interaction toward long-spanlife silicon oxide anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 95 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01592-1
  11. X. Lin, J. Lin, X. Lu, X. Tan, H. Li et al., Vacancy-engineered LiMn2O4 embedded in dual-heteroatom-doped carbon via metal-organic framework-mediated synthesis towards longevous lithium ion battery. Mater. Futures 4(2), 025101 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5724/ad9e08
  12. X. Zhang, S. Cheng, C. Fu, G. Yin, L. Wang et al., Advancements and challenges in organic-inorganic composite solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01498-y
  13. Z. Li, Y.-X. Yao, S. Sun, C.-B. Jin, N. Yao et al., 40 years of low-temperature electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(37), e202303888 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202303888
  14. M. Qin, Z. Zeng, S. Cheng, J. Xie, Challenges and strategies of formulating low-temperature electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. Interdiscip. Mater. 2(2), 308–336 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/idm2.12077
  15. M. Khan, S. Yan, M. Ali, F. Mahmood, Y. Zheng et al., Innovative solutions for high-performance silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries: overcoming challenges and real-world applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 179 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01388-3
  16. G. Wang, G. Wang, L. Fei, L. Zhao, H. Zhang, Structural engineering of anode materials for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries: mechanisms, strategies, and prospects. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 150 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01363-y
  17. X. Wu, M. Wang, H. Pan, X. Sun, S. Tang et al., Developing high-energy, stable all-solid-state lithium batteries using aluminum-based anodes and high-nickel cathodes. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 239 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01751-y
  18. Z. Zhu, X. Li, X. Qi, J. Ji, Y. Ji et al., Demystifying the salt-induced Li loss: a universal procedure for the electrolyte design of lithium-metal batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 234 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01205-3
  19. J. Hou, M. Yang, D. Wang, J. Zhang, Fundamentals and challenges of lithium ion batteries at temperatures between −40 and 60 °C. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(18), 1904152 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201904152
  20. Y.-G. Cho, M. Li, J. Holoubek, W. Li, Y. Yin et al., Enabling the low-temperature cycling of NMC||Graphite pouch cells with an ester-based electrolyte. ACS Energy Lett. 6(5), 2016–2023 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00484
  21. J. Xu, X. Wang, N. Yuan, J. Ding, S. Qin et al., Extending the low temperature operational limit of Li-ion battery to −80 °C. Energy Storage Mater. 23, 383–389 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.033
  22. X. Huang, J. Meng, W. Jiang, W. Liu, K. Liu et al., Alternating current heating techniques for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: recent advances and perspectives. J. Energy Chem. 96, 679–697 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2024.05.027
  23. S. Liu, W. Tian, J. Shen, Z. Wang, H. Pan et al., Bioinspired gel polymer electrolyte for wide temperature lithium metal battery. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 2474 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57856-w
  24. Y. Li, B. Wen, N. Li, Y. Zhao, Y. Chen et al., Electrolyte engineering to construct robust interphase with high ionic conductivity for wide temperature range lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(2), e202414636 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202414636
  25. G. Zhang, J. Chang, L. Wang, J. Li, C. Wang et al., A monofluoride ether-based electrolyte solution for fast-charging and low-temperature non-aqueous lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 1081 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36793-6
  26. X. Min, L. Wang, Y. Wu, Z. Zhang, H. Xu et al., Overcoming low-temperature challenges in LIBs: the role of anion-rich solvation sheath in strong solvents. J. Energy Chem. 106, 63–70 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.02.027
  27. A. Gupta, A. Manthiram, Designing advanced lithium-based batteries for low-temperature conditions. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(38), 2001972 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001972
  28. C. Zhang, S. Huo, B. Su, C. Bi, C. Zhang et al., Challenges of film-forming additives in low-temperature lithium-ion batteries: a review. J. Power. Sources 606, 234559 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234559
  29. Y. Xiong, D. Zhang, X. Ruan, S. Jiang, X. Zou et al., Artificial intelligence in rechargeable battery: advancements and prospects. Energy Storage Mater. 73, 103860 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103860
  30. K.M. Abraham, J.L. Goldman, The use of the reactive ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), in rechargeable lithium cells. J. Power. Sources 9(3), 239–245 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(83)87024-4
  31. M.C. Smart, B.V. Ratnakumar, S. Surampudi, Electrolytes for low-temperature lithium batteries based on ternary mixtures of aliphatic carbonates. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146(2), 486–492 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1391633
  32. L.F. Xiao, Y.L. Cao, X.P. Ai, H.X. Yang, Optimization of EC-based multi-solvent electrolytes for low temperature applications of lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 49(27), 4857–4863 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.05.038
  33. S. Herreyre, O. Huchet, S. Barusseau, F. Perton, J.M. Bodet et al., New Li-ion electrolytes for low temperature applications. J. Power. Sources 97, 576–580 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00670-X
  34. M.C. Smart, B.V. Ratnakumar, L.D. Whitcanack, K.B. Chin, S. Surampudi et al., Improved low-temperature performance of lithium-ion cells with quaternary carbonate-based electrolytes. J. Power. Sources 119, 349–358 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00154-X
  35. L. Yang, A. Xiao, B.L. Lucht, Investigation of solvation in lithium ion battery electrolytes by NMR spectroscopy. J. Mol. Liq. 154(2–3), 131–133 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2010.04.025
  36. M. Qin, Z. Zeng, F. Ma, C. Gu, X. Chen et al., Doping in solvation structure: enabling fluorinated carbonate electrolyte for high-voltage and high-safety lithium-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 9(6), 2536–2544 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00790
  37. J. Wang, Y. Yamada, K. Sodeyama, C.H. Chiang, Y. Tateyama et al., Superconcentrated electrolytes for a high-voltage lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 7, 12032 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12032
  38. S. Chen, J. Zheng, D. Mei, K.S. Han, M.H. Engelhard et al., High-voltage lithium-metal batteries enabled by localized high-concentration electrolytes. Adv. Mater. 30(21), 1706102 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706102
  39. H. Zhang, Z. Zeng, Q. Wu, X. Wang, M. Qin et al., Loosely coordinating diluted highly concentrated electrolyte toward −60 °C Li metal batteries. J. Energy Chem. 90, 380–387 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.050
  40. S. Lei, Z. Zeng, M. Liu, M. Qin, Y. Wu et al., Nonflammable cosolvent enables methyl acetate-based electrolyte for 4.6 V-class lithium-ion batteries operating at −60 °C. Chem. Eng. J. 478, 147180 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.147180
  41. J. Holoubek, H. Liu, Z. Wu, Y. Yin, X. Xing et al., Tailoring electrolyte solvation for Li metal batteries cycled at ultra-low temperature. Nat. Energy 6(3), 303–313 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00783-z
  42. M. Qin, Z. Zeng, Q. Wu, F. Ma, Q. Liu et al., Microsolvating competition in Li+ solvation structure affording PC-based electrolyte with fast kinetics for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(41), 2406357 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202406357
  43. J. Wang, J. Kumar, K. Ding, X. Nie, X. Zhang et al., Unlocking low temperature-resistant lithium metal batteries: mechanisms, challenges, AI and functional electrolytes design. Mater. Today (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2025.06.039
  44. X. Su, Y. Xu, Y. Wu, H. Li, J. Yang et al., Liquid electrolytes for low-temperature lithium batteries: main limitations, current advances, and future perspectives. Energy Storage Mater. 56, 642–663 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.044
  45. Q. Sheng, Y. Huang, Q. Han, H. Li, X. Tao et al., The challenges and solutions for low-temperature lithium metal batteries: present and future. Energy Storage Mater. 73, 103783 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103783
  46. Z. Huang, Z. Xiao, R. Jin, Z. Li, C. Shu et al., A comprehensive review on liquid electrolyte design for low-temperature lithium/sodium metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(15), 5365–5386 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE02060J
  47. N. Yao, X. Chen, X. Shen, R. Zhang, Z.-H. Fu et al., An atomic insight into the chemical origin and variation of the dielectric constant in liquid electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(39), 21473–21478 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202107657
  48. L. Xu, W. Wei, D. You, H. Xiong, J. Yang, Ion conduction in the comb-branched polyether electrolytes with controlled network structures. Soft Matter 16(8), 1979–1988 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM02117E
  49. J.N. Al-Dawsari, A. Bessadok-Jemai, I. Wazeer, S. Mokraoui, M.A. AlMansour et al., Fitting of experimental viscosity to temperature data for deep eutectic solvents. J. Mol. Liq. 310, 113127 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113127
  50. C. Wang, A.C. Thenuwara, J. Luo, P.P. Shetty, M.T. McDowell et al., Extending the low-temperature operation of sodium metal batteries combining linear and cyclic ether-based electrolyte solutions. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 4934 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32606-4
  51. Y.-X. Yao, N. Yao, X.-R. Zhou, Z.-H. Li, X.-Y. Yue et al., Ethylene-carbonate-free electrolytes for rechargeable Li-ion pouch cells at sub-freezing temperatures. Adv. Mater. 34(45), e2206448 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206448
  52. C.G. Salzmann, Advances in the experimental exploration of water’s phase diagram. J. Chem. Phys. 150(6), 060901 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5085163
  53. S.S. Zhang, K. Xu, T.R. Jow, Electrochemical impedance study on the low temperature of Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 49(7), 1057–1061 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2003.10.016
  54. L. Li, W. Lv, J. Chen, C. Zhu, S. Dmytro et al., Lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2): an electrolyte additive to help boost low-temperature behaviors for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5(9), 11900–11914 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02658
  55. S.S. Zhang, K. Xu, T.R. Jow, The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 115(1), 137–140 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00618-3
  56. L. Liao, P. Zuo, Y. Ma, X. Chen, Y. An et al., Effects of temperature on charge/discharge behaviors of LiFePO4 cathode for Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 60, 269–273 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.041
  57. K. Ariyoshi, Y. Nagashima, Modelling and analysis of polarisation characteristics in lithium insertion electrodes considering charge transfer and contact resistances. Chem. Commun. 60(88), 12888–12891 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cc04375h
  58. D. Qu, W. Ji, H. Qu, Probing process kinetics in batteries with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Commun. Mater. 3, 61 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-022-00284-w
  59. W. Hu, Y. Peng, Y. Wei, Y. Yang, Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to degradation and aging research of lithium-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 127(9), 4465–4495 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00033
  60. T. Abe, F. Sagane, M. Ohtsuka, Y. Iriyama, Z. Ogumi, Lithium-ion transfer at the interface between lithium-ion conductive ceramic electrolyte and liquid electrolyte-a key to enhancing the rate capability of lithium-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152(11), A2151 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2042907
  61. Q. Li, D. Lu, J. Zheng, S. Jiao, L. Luo et al., Li+-desolvation dictating lithium-ion battery’s low-temperature performances. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(49), 42761–42768 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b13887
  62. K. Xu, Y. Lam, S.S. Zhang, T.R. Jow, T.B. Curtis, Solvation sheath of Li+ in nonaqueous electrolytes and its implication of graphite/electrolyte interface chemistry. J. Phys. Chem. C 111(20), 7411–7421 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp068691u
  63. M. Bin Jassar, C. Michel, S. Abada, T. De Bruin, S. Tant et al., A perspective on the molecular modeling of electrolyte decomposition reactions for solid electrolyte interphase growth in lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(30), 2313188 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202313188
  64. H. Adenusi, G.A. Chass, S. Passerini, K.V. Tian, G. Chen, Lithium batteries and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI): progress and outlook. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(10), 2203307 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203307
  65. J. Holoubek, Y. Yin, M. Li, M. Yu, Y.S. Meng et al., Exploiting mechanistic solvation kinetics for dual-graphite batteries with high power output at extremely low temperature. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58(52), 18892–18897 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201912167
  66. E.M. Gavilán-Arriazu, M.P. Mercer, O.A. Pinto, O.A. Oviedo, D.E. Barraco et al., Effect of temperature on the kinetics of electrochemical insertion of Li-ions into a graphite electrode studied by kinetic Monte Carlo. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167(1), 013533 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0332001jes
  67. J. Tan, J. Matz, P. Dong, J. Shen, M. Ye, A growing appreciation for the role of LiF in the solid electrolyte interphase. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(16), 2100046 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100046
  68. S. Liu, X. Ji, N. Piao, J. Chen, N. Eidson et al., An inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase for advanced lithium-metal batteries in carbonate electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(7), 3661–3671 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202012005
  69. M. Yeddala, L. Rynearson, B.L. Lucht, Modification of carbonate electrolytes for lithium metal electrodes. ACS Energy Lett. 8(11), 4782–4793 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01709
  70. S. Shi, P. Lu, Z. Liu, Y. Qi, L.G. Hector Jr. et al., Direct calculation of Li-ion transport in the solid electrolyte interphase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(37), 15476–15487 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja305366r
  71. P. Zhai, L. Liu, X. Gu, T. Wang, Y. Gong, Interface engineering for lithium metal anodes in liquid electrolyte. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(34), 2001257 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001257
  72. H. Wu, H. Jia, C. Wang, J.-G. Zhang, W. Xu, Recent progress in understanding solid electrolyte interphase on lithium metal anodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(5), 2003092 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003092
  73. Z. Zhang, Y. Li, R. Xu, W. Zhou, Y. Li et al., Capturing the swelling of solid-electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries. Science 375(6576), 66–70 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi8703
  74. A. Ramasubramanian, V. Yurkiv, T. Foroozan, M. Ragone, R. Shahbazian-Yassar et al., Lithium diffusion mechanism through solid–electrolyte interphase in rechargeable lithium batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 123(16), 10237–10245 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00436
  75. Q. Zhang, J. Pan, P. Lu, Z. Liu, M.W. Verbrugge et al., Synergetic effects of inorganic components in solid electrolyte interphase on high cycle efficiency of lithium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 16(3), 2011–2016 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05283
  76. J. Pokharel, A. Cresce, B. Pant, M.Y. Yang, A. Gurung et al., Manipulating the diffusion energy barrier at the lithium metal electrolyte interface for dendrite-free long-life batteries. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 3085 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47521-z
  77. Y. Yang, X. Wang, J. Zhu, L. Tan, N. Li et al., Dilute electrolytes with fluorine-free ether solvents for 4.5 V lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(40), e202409193 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202409193
  78. Z.Y. Lu, C.N. Geng, H.J. Yang, P. He, S.C. Wu et al., Step-by-step desolvation enables high-rate and ultra-stable sodium storage in hard carbon anodes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119(40), e2210203119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2210203119
  79. L. Benitez, J.M. Seminario, Ion diffusivity through the solid electrolyte interphase in lithium-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164(11), E3159–E3170 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0181711jes
  80. L. Dong, H.-J. Yan, Q.-X. Liu, J.-Y. Liang, J. Yue et al., Quantification of charge transport and mass deprivation in solid electrolyte interphase for kinetically-stable low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(43), e202411029 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202411029
  81. T.R. Jow, S.A. Delp, J.L. Allen, J.-P. Jones, M.C. Smart, Factors limiting Li+ charge transfer kinetics in Li-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165(2), A361–A367 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1221802jes
  82. Q. Zheng, M. Watanabe, Y. Iwatate, D. Azuma, K. Shibazaki et al., Hydrothermal leaching of ternary and binary lithium-ion battery cathode materials with citric acid and the kinetic study. J. Supercrit. Fluids 165, 104990 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104990
  83. F. Meng, X. Xiong, L. Tan, B. Yuan, R. Hu, Strategies for improving electrochemical reaction kinetics of cathode materials for subzero-temperature Li-ion batteries: a review. Energy Storage Mater. 44, 390–407 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.10.032
  84. J.H. Jeong, O. Min Ju, K.C. Roh, Correlation between lithium-ion accessibility to the electrolyte–active material interface and low-temperature electrochemical performance. J. Alloys Compd. 856, 158233 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158233
  85. N. Zhang, T. Deng, S. Zhang, C. Wang, L. Chen et al., Critical review on low-temperature Li-ion/metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 34(15), e2107899 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202107899
  86. H. Wang, Y. Zhu, S.C. Kim, A. Pei, Y. Li et al., Underpotential lithium plating on graphite anodes caused by temperature heterogeneity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117(47), 29453–29461 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009221117
  87. L. Xu, Y. Xiao, Y. Yang, S.-J. Yang, X.-R. Chen et al., Operando quantified lithium plating determination enabled by dynamic capacitance measurement in working Li-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(39), e202210365 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202210365
  88. M. Weiss, R. Ruess, J. Kasnatscheew, Y. Levartovsky, N.R. Levy et al., Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries: a review of materials aspects. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(33), 2101126 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202101126
  89. C. Uhlmann, J. Illig, M. Ender, R. Schuster, E. Ivers-Tiffée, In situ detection of lithium metal plating on graphite in experimental cells. J. Power. Sources 279, 428–438 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.046
  90. X. Li, P. Xu, Y. Tian, A. Fortini, S.H. Choi et al., Electrolyte modulators toward polarization-mitigated lithium-ion batteries for sustainable electric transportation. Adv. Mater. 34(7), e2107787 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202107787
  91. N. Piao, X. Gao, H. Yang, Z. Guo, G. Hu et al., Challenges and development of lithium-ion batteries for low temperature environments. eTransportation 11, 100145 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2021.100145
  92. Q. Liu, C. Du, B. Shen, P. Zuo, X. Cheng et al., Understanding undesirable anode lithium plating issues in lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 6(91), 88683–88700 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19482f
  93. C. von Lüders, V. Zinth, S.V. Erhard, P.J. Osswald, M. Hofmann et al., Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries investigated by voltage relaxation and in situ neutron diffraction. J. Power. Sources 342, 17–23 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.032
  94. G. Zhang, X. Wei, G. Han, H. Dai, J. Zhu et al., Lithium plating on the anode for lithium-ion batteries during long-term low temperature cycling. J. Power. Sources 484, 229312 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229312
  95. N. Yao, S.-Y. Sun, X. Chen, X.-Q. Zhang, X. Shen et al., The anionic chemistry in regulating the reductive stability of electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(52), e202210859 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202210859
  96. Z. Wang, Q. Zhao, S. Wang, Y. Song, B. Shi et al., Aging and post-aging thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries under complex operating conditions: a comprehensive review. J. Power. Sources 623, 235453 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235453
  97. B. Ng, P.T. Coman, E. Faegh, X. Peng, S.G. Karakalos et al., Low-temperature lithium plating/corrosion hazard in lithium-ion batteries: electrode rippling, variable states of charge, and thermal and nonthermal runaway. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3(4), 3653–3664 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00130
  98. Y. Xiang, M. Tao, X. Chen, P. Shan, D. Zhao et al., Gas induced formation of inactive Li in rechargeable lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 177 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35779-0
  99. S. Xu, K.-H. Chen, N.P. Dasgupta, J.B. Siegel, A.G. Stefanopoulou, Evolution of dead lithium growth in lithium metal batteries: experimentally validated model of the apparent capacity loss. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166(14), A3456–A3463 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0991914jes
  100. M. Abdollahifar, A. Paolella, “Dead lithium” formation and mitigation strategies in anode-free Li-metal batteries. Batter. Supercaps 8(3), e202400505 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400505
  101. X. Duan, J. Sun, L. Shi, S. Dong, G. Cui, Exploring the active lithium loss in anode-free lithium metal batteries: mechanisms, challenges, and strategies. Interdiscip. Mater. 4(2), 217–234 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/idm2.12232
  102. M. Wang, X. Guo, R. Luo, X. Jiang, Y. Tang et al., The nucleation and growth mechanism of spherical Li for advanced Li metal anodes–a review. Chem. Commun. 61(19), 3777–3793 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4CC06729K
  103. L. Zhang, T. Yang, C. Du, Q. Liu, Y. Tang et al., Lithium whisker growth and stress generation in an in situ atomic force microscope-environmental transmission electron microscope set-up. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15(2), 94–98 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0604-x
  104. L. Li, S. Basu, Y. Wang, Z. Chen, P. Hundekar et al., Self-heating–induced healing of lithium dendrites. Science 359(6383), 1513–1516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8787
  105. X. Gao, Y.-N. Zhou, D. Han, J. Zhou, D. Zhou et al., Thermodynamic understanding of Li-dendrite formation. Joule 4(9), 1864–1879 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.06.016
  106. C. Guo, K. Du, R. Tao, Y. Guo, S. Yao et al., Inorganic filler enhanced formation of stable inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase for high performance lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(29), 2301111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202301111
  107. N. Chen, M. Feng, C. Li, Y. Shang, Y. Ma et al., Anion-dominated conventional-concentrations electrolyte to improve low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(33), 2400337 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202400337
  108. J. Xu, J. Zhang, T.P. Pollard, Q. Li, S. Tan et al., Electrolyte design for Li-ion batteries under extreme operating conditions. Nature 614(7949), 694–700 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05627-8
  109. Y. Yang, Y. Chen, L. Tan, J. Zhang, N. Li et al., Rechargeable LiNi(0.65)co(0.15)Mn(0.2)O(2)||Graphite batteries operating at -60 °C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(42), e202209619 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202209619
  110. C. Chen, C.-S. Lee, Y. Tang, Fundamental understanding and optimization strategies for dual-ion batteries: a review. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 121 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01086-6
  111. W. He, H. Xu, Z. Chen, J. Long, J. Zhang et al., Regulating the solvation structure of Li+ enables chemical prelithiation of silicon-based anodes toward high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 107 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01068-8
  112. X. Yang, J. Liu, N. Pei, Z. Chen, R. Li et al., The critical role of fillers in composite polymer electrolytes for lithium battery. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 74 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01051-3
  113. Y. Xu, Z. Li, L. Wu, H. Dou, X. Zhang, Solvation engineering via fluorosurfactant additive toward boosted lithium-ion thermoelectrochemical cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 72 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01292-2
  114. S. Kim, J.-A. Lee, T.K. Lee, K. Baek, J. Kim et al., Wide-temperature-range operation of lithium-metal batteries using partially and weakly solvating liquid electrolytes. Energy Environ. Sci. 16(11), 5108–5122 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EE02106H
  115. X. Dong, Y.-G. Wang, Y. Xia, Promoting rechargeable batteries operated at low temperature. Acc. Chem. Res. 54(20), 3883–3894 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00420
  116. W. Lin, M. Zhu, Y. Fan, H. Wang, G. Tao et al., Low temperature lithium-ion batteries electrolytes: rational design, advancements, and future perspectives. J. Alloys Compd. 905, 164163 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164163
  117. A. Hu, F. Li, W. Chen, T. Lei, Y. Li et al., Ion transport kinetics in low-temperature lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(42), 2202432 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202432
  118. W. Lv, C. Zhu, J. Chen, C. Ou, Q. Zhang et al., High performance of low-temperature electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries using mixed additives. Chem. Eng. J. 418, 129400 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129400
  119. H. Zhang, Z. Song, W. Yuan, W. Feng, J. Nie et al., Impact of negative charge delocalization on the properties of solid polymer electrolytes. ChemElectroChem 8(7), 1322–1328 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100045
  120. X. Tian, Y. Yi, B. Fang, P. Yang, T. Wang et al., Design strategies of safe electrolytes for preventing thermal runaway in lithium ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 32(23), 9821–9848 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02428
  121. T.M. Tekaligne, H.K. Bezabh, S.K. Merso, K.N. Shitaw, M.A. Weret et al., Enhancing aluminum foil performance in aqueous and organic electrolytes: dual-secure passivation with phthalocyanine as a corrosion inhibitor. J. Mater. Chem. A 12(4), 2157–2171 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA02977H
  122. X. Chen, Z. Li, H. Zhao, J. Li, W. Li et al., Dominant solvent-separated ion pairs in electrolytes enable superhigh conductivity for fast-charging and low-temperature lithium ion batteries. ACS Nano 18(11), 8350–8359 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c12877
  123. X. Fan, X. Ji, L. Chen, J. Chen, T. Deng et al., All-temperature batteries enabled by fluorinated electrolytes with non-polar solvents. Nat. Energy 4(10), 882–890 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0474-3
  124. J. Li, J. Yang, Z. Ji, M. Su, H. Li et al., Prospective application, mechanism, and deficiency of lithium bis(oxalate)borate as the electrolyte additive for lithium-batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(35), 2301422 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202301422
  125. M. Mao, B. Huang, Q. Li, C. Wang, Y.-B. He et al., In-situ construction of hierarchical cathode electrolyte interphase for high performance LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Li metal battery. Nano Energy 78, 105282 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105282
  126. Y. Li, B. Cheng, F. Jiao, K. Wu, The roles and working mechanism of salt-type additives on the performance of high-voltage lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(14), 16298–16307 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b22360
  127. Q. Dong, F. Guo, Z. Cheng, Y. Mao, R. Huang et al., Insights into the dual role of lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate additive in improving the electrochemical performance of NMC811||Graphite cells. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3(1), 695–704 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b01894
  128. Z. Cao, X. Zheng, Q. Qu, Y. Huang, H. Zheng, Electrolyte design enabling a high-safety and high-performance Si anode with a tailored electrode–electrolyte interphase. Adv. Mater. 33(38), 2103178 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202103178
  129. J. Zhang, H. Zhang, L. Deng, Y. Yang, L. Tan et al., An additive-enabled ether-based electrolyte to realize stable cycling of high-voltage anode-free lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 54, 450–460 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.10.052
  130. J. Chen, Z. Yang, X. Xu, Y. Qiao, Z. Zhou et al., Nonflammable succinonitrile-based deep eutectic electrolyte for intrinsically safe high-voltage sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 36(28), 2400169 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202400169
  131. X. Sang, K. Hu, J. Chen, Z. Wang, H. Xu et al., Temperature-inert weakly solvating electrolytes for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries with micro-sized silicon anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(17), e202500367 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202500367
  132. N. Zhang, A.-M. Li, W. Zhang, Z. Wang, Y. Liu et al., 4.6 V moisture-tolerant electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 36(50), e2408039 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202408039
  133. Y. Lu, Q. Cao, W. Zhang, T. Zeng, Y. Ou et al., Breaking the molecular symmetricity of sulfonimide anions for high-performance lithium metal batteries under extreme cycling conditions. Nat. Energy 10(2), 191–204 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01679-4
  134. Y. Li, S. Song, H. Kim, K. Nomoto, H. Kim et al., A lithium superionic conductor for millimeter-thick battery electrode. Science 381(6653), 50–53 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add7138
  135. S.C. Kim, J. Wang, R. Xu, P. Zhang, Y. Chen et al., High-entropy electrolytes for practical lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 8(8), 814–826 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01280-1
  136. Q. Wang, C. Zhao, Z. Yao, J. Wang, F. Wu et al., Entropy-driven liquid electrolytes for lithium batteries. Adv. Mater. 35(17), 2210677 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202210677
  137. Y. Xiao, X. Wang, K. Yang, J. Wu, Y. Chao et al., The anion-dominated dynamic coordination field in the electrolytes for high-performance lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 55, 773–781 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.12.038
  138. X. Wang, S. Wang, H. Wang, W. Tu, Y. Zhao et al., Hybrid electrolyte with dual-anion-aggregated solvation sheath for stabilizing high-voltage lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 33(52), 2007945 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202007945
  139. T. Li, X.-Q. Zhang, N. Yao, Y.-X. Yao, L.-P. Hou et al., Stable anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(42), 22683–22687 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202107732
  140. Y. Zheng, H. Ji, T. Qian, S. Li, J. Liu et al., Achieving rapid ultralow-temperature ion transfer via constructing lithium–anion nanometric aggregates to eliminate Li+–dipole interactions. Nano Lett. 23(8), 3181–3188 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04876
  141. L. Wang, F.-D. Yu, L.-F. Que, X.-G. Zhang, K.-Y. Xie, 12-ah-level Li-ion pouch cells enabling fast charging at temperatures between −20 and 50 °C. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(48), 2408422 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202408422
  142. Y. Zhao, Z. Hu, Z. Zhao, X. Chen, S. Zhang et al., Strong solvent and dual lithium salts enable fast-charging lithium-ion batteries operating from −78 to 60 °C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145(40), 22184–22193 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c08313
  143. P. Liang, H. Hu, Y. Dong, Z. Wang, K. Liu et al., Competitive coordination of ternary anions enabling fast Li-ion desolvation for low-temperature lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(16), 2309858 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202309858
  144. Y. Mo, G. Liu, Y. Yin, M. Tao, J. Chen et al., Fluorinated solvent molecule tuning enables fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(32), 2301285 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202301285
  145. Y. Zou, Z. Ma, G. Liu, Q. Li, D. Yin et al., Non-flammable electrolyte enables high-voltage and wide-temperature lithium-ion batteries with fast charging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(8), e202216189 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202216189
  146. X. Dong, Z. Guo, Z. Guo, Y. Wang, Y. Xia, Organic batteries operated at −70 °C. Joule 2(5), 902–913 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.01.017
  147. S. Ming, S. Qurban, Y. Du, W. Su, Asymmetric synthesis of multi-substituted tetrahydrofurans via palladium/rhodium synergistic catalyzed [3+2] decarboxylative cycloaddition of vinylethylene carbonates. Chem. 27(50), 12742–12746 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202102024
  148. W. Yang, W. Chen, H. Zou, J. Lai, X. Zeng et al., Electrolyte chemistry towards ultra-high voltage (4.7 V) and ultra-wide temperature (-30 to 70 °C) LiCoO2 batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(13), e202424353 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202424353
  149. Y. Qian, Y. Chu, Z. Zheng, Z. Shadike, B. Han et al., A new cyclic carbonate enables high power/low temperature lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 45, 14–23 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.11.029
  150. D. Hubble, D.E. Brown, Y. Zhao, C. Fang, J. Lau et al., Liquid electrolyte development for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 15(2), 550–578 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee01789f
  151. T. Waldmann, B.-I. Hogg, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Li plating as unwanted side reaction in commercial Li-ion cells–a review. J. Power. Sources 384, 107–124 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.02.063
  152. G. Kang, G. Zhong, J. Ma, R. Yin, K. Cai et al., Weakly solvated EC-free linear alkyl carbonate electrolytes for Ni-rich cathode in rechargeable lithium battery. iScience 25(12), 105710 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105710
  153. Q.Y. Li, S.H. Jiao, L.L. Luo, M.S. Ding, J.M. Zheng et al., Wide-temperature electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(22), 18826–18835 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04099
  154. X. Zhou, Q. Liu, C. Jiang, B. Ji, X. Ji et al., Strategies towards low-cost dual-ion batteries with high performance. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59(10), 3802–3832 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201814294
  155. H. Jiang, X. Han, X. Du, Z. Chen, C. Lu et al., A PF6−-permselective polymer electrolyte with anion solvation regulation enabling long-cycle dual-ion battery. Adv. Mater. 34(9), 2108665 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202108665
  156. Y. Yang, L. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Z. Yang, W.-H. Lai et al., Challenges and prospects of low-temperature rechargeable batteries: electrolytes, interfaces, and electrodes. Adv. Sci. 11(46), 2410318 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202410318
  157. L. Li, W. Lv, J. Chen, M. Liu, P. Yang et al., EB (ethyl butyrate) as a cosolvent of electrolyte tuning an ultrathin CEI membrane for improving the ultralow-temperature behaviors of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 batteries. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 12(2), 1116–1131 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07276
  158. Z. Li, N. Yao, L. Yu, Y.-X. Yao, C.-B. Jin et al., Inhibiting gas generation to achieve ultralong-lifespan lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures. Matter 6(7), 2274–2292 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2023.04.012
  159. Z. Li, Y.-X. Yao, M. Zheng, S. Sun, Y. Yang et al., Electrolyte design enables rechargeable LiFePO4/graphite batteries from –80 °C to 80 °C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(2), e202409409 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202409409
  160. J. Hao, W. Liu, Y. Tian, J. Wu, H. Guo et al., Unraveling the mechanism of methyl acetate additive for reinforcing the solid electrolyte interface on graphite anodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 12(34), 22679–22688 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA03301A
  161. E.R. Logan, D.S. Hall, M.M.E. Cormier, T. Taskovic, M. Bauer et al., Ester-based electrolytes for fast charging of energy dense lithium-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 124(23), 12269–12280 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02370
  162. L. Zhang, H. Fan, H. Wang, Methyl acetate–based solutions for dual–ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 342, 135992 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135992
  163. Y. Zou, Z. Cao, J. Zhang, W. Wahyudi, Y. Wu et al., Interfacial model deciphering high-voltage electrolytes for high energy density, high safety, and fast-charging lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 33(43), e2102964 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202102964
  164. S. Lei, Z. Zeng, H. Yan, M. Qin, M. Liu et al., Nonpolar cosolvent driving LUMO energy evolution of methyl acetate electrolyte to afford lithium-ion batteries operating at–60 °C. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(34), 2301028 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202301028
  165. S. He, H. Yuan, P. Zhu, X. Wang, B. Xu, Fluorinated co-solvent electrolytes enable lithium metal batteries to operate at low temperatures. Chem. Eng. J. 500, 156302 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.156302
  166. N. von Aspern, G.-V. Röschenthaler, M. Winter, I. Cekic-Laskovic, Fluorine and lithium: ideal partners for high-performance rechargeable battery electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58(45), 15978–16000 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201901381
  167. Z. Yu, H. Wang, X. Kong, W. Huang, Y. Tsao et al., Molecular design for electrolyte solvents enabling energy-dense and long-cycling lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 5(7), 526–533 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0634-5
  168. S. Zhang, S. Li, Y. Lu, Designing safer lithium-based batteries with nonflammable electrolytes: a review. eScience 1(2), 163–177 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esci.2021.12.003
  169. Y. Feng, L. Zhou, H. Ma, Z. Wu, Q. Zhao et al., Challenges and advances in wide-temperature rechargeable lithium batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 15(5), 1711–1759 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee03292e
  170. Y. Yang, Z. Fang, Y. Yin, Y. Cao, Y. Wang et al., Synergy of weakly-solvated electrolyte and optimized interphase enables graphite anode charge at low temperature. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(36), e202208345 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202208345
  171. K. An, D. Kim, Y.H.T. Tran, D.T.T. Vu, S.J. Park et al., Weakly binding molecules-based fast charging Li-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(8), 2311782 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202311782
  172. S. Sun, K. Wang, Z. Hong, M. Zhi, K. Zhang et al., Electrolyte design for low-temperature Li-metal batteries: challenges and prospects. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 35 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01245-9
  173. Z. Yu, P.E. Rudnicki, Z. Zhang, Z. Huang, H. Celik et al., Rational solvent molecule tuning for high-performance lithium metal battery electrolytes. Nat. Energy 7(1), 94–106 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00962-y
  174. D.-J. Yoo, Q. Liu, O. Cohen, M. Kim, K.A. Persson et al., Rational design of fluorinated electrolytes for low temperature lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(20), 2204182 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202204182
  175. Y. Wei, H. Wang, X. Lin, T. Wang, Y. Cui et al., Moderate solvation structures of lithium ions for high-voltage lithium metal batteries at −40 °C. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(2), 786–798 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE03192J
  176. Y. Wang, S. Dong, Y. Gao, P.-K. Lee, Y. Tian et al., Difluoroester solvent toward fast-rate anion-intercalation lithium metal batteries under extreme conditions. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 5408 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49795-9
  177. Z. Li, Y. Chen, X. Yun, P. Gao, C. Zheng et al., Critical review of fluorinated electrolytes for high-performance lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(32), 2300502 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202300502
  178. Y. Li, F. Wu, Y. Li, M. Liu, X. Feng et al., Ether-based electrolytes for sodium ion batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 51(11), 4484–4536 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cs00948f
  179. Y. Zhao, T. Zhou, T. Ashirov, M. El Kazzi, C. Cancellieri et al., Fluorinated ether electrolyte with controlled solvation structure for high voltage lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 2575 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29199-3
  180. C.-B. Jin, N. Yao, Y. Xiao, J. Xie, Z. Li et al., Taming solvent-solute interaction accelerates interfacial kinetics in low-temperature lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 35(3), e2208340 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202208340
  181. J.-F. Ding, R. Xu, N. Yao, X. Chen, Y. Xiao et al., Non-solvating and low-dielectricity cosolvent for anion-derived solid electrolyte interphases in lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(20), 11442–11447 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202101627
  182. G.-X. Li, V. Koverga, A. Nguyen, R. Kou, M. Ncube et al., Enhancing lithium-metal battery longevity through minimized coordinating diluent. Nat. Energy 9(7), 817–827 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01519-5
  183. Z. Jiang, T. Yang, C. Li, J. Zou, H. Yang et al., Synergistic additives enabling stable cycling of ether electrolyte in 4.4 V Ni-rich/Li metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(51), 2306868 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202306868
  184. Y. Zhao, T. Zhou, L.P.H. Jeurgens, X. Kong, J.W. Choi et al., Electrolyte engineering for highly inorganic solid electrolyte interphase in high-performance lithium metal batteries. Chem 9(3), 682–697 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.005
  185. X. Wang, D. Ren, H. Liang, Y. Song, H. Huo et al., Ni crossover catalysis: truth of hydrogen evolution in Ni-rich cathode-based lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 16(3), 1200–1209 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE04109J
  186. Z. Wang, X. Che, D. Wang, Y. Wang, X. He et al., Non-fluorinated ethers to mitigate electrode surface reactivity in high-voltage NCM811-Li batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(25), e202404109 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202404109
  187. S. Chen, J. Fan, Z. Cui, L. Tan, D. Ruan et al., Unveiling the critical role of ion coordination configuration of ether electrolytes for high voltage lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(23), e202219310 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202219310
  188. T. Xu, T. Zheng, Z. Ru, J. Song, M. Gu, Ye. Yue, Y. Xiao, S. Amzil, J. Gao, P. Müller‐Buschbaum, Ke. Wang, H. Zhao, Y.-J. Cheng, Y. Xia, Ether-based electrolyte for high-temperature and high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(19), 2313319 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202313319
  189. F.-Q. Liu, W.-P. Wang, Y.-X. Yin, S.-F. Zhang, J.-L. Shi et al., Upgrading traditional liquid electrolyte via in situ gelation for future lithium metal batteries. Sci. Adv. 4(10), eaat5383 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat5383
  190. H. Yang, M. Jing, L. Wang, H. Xu, X. Yan et al., PDOL-based solid electrolyte toward practical application: opportunities and challenges. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 127 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01354-z
  191. Q. Zhao, X. Liu, J. Zheng, Y. Deng, A. Warren et al., Designing electrolytes with polymerlike glass-forming properties and fast ion transport at low temperatures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117(42), 26053–26060 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004576117
  192. H.-Z. Jiang, C. Yang, M. Chen, X.-W. Liu, L.-M. Yin et al., Electrophilically trapping water for preventing polymerization of cyclic ether towards low-temperature Li metal battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(14), e202300238 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202300238
  193. Y. Lin, Z. Yang, X. Zhang, Y. Liu, G. Hu et al., Activating ultra-low temperature Li-metal batteries by tetrahydrofuran-based localized saturated electrolyte. Energy Storage Mater. 58, 184–194 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.03.026
  194. T. Chen, J. You, R. Li, H. Li, Y. Wang et al., Ultra-low concentration electrolyte enabling LiF-rich SEI and dense plating/stripping processes for lithium metal batteries. Adv. Sci. 9(28), 2203216 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202203216
  195. H. Hu, J. Li, Q. Zhang, G. Ding, J. Liu et al., Non-concentrated electrolyte with weak anion coordination enables low Li-ion desolvation energy for low-temperature lithium batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 457, 141273 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141273
  196. Y. Yamada, J. Wang, S. Ko, E. Watanabe, A. Yamada, Advances and issues in developing salt-concentrated battery electrolytes. Nat. Energy 4(4), 269–280 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0336-z
  197. S. Lin, H. Hua, Z. Li, J. Zhao, Functional localized high-concentration ether-based electrolyte for stabilizing high-voltage lithium-metal battery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(30), 33710–33718 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07904
  198. X. Ren, X. Zhang, Z. Shadike, L. Zou, H. Jia et al., Designing advanced in situ electrode/electrolyte interphases for wide temperature operation of 4.5 V Li||LiCoO2 batteries. Adv. Mater. 32(49), e2004898 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004898
  199. S. Jiao, X. Ren, R. Cao, M.H. Engelhard, Y. Liu et al., Stable cycling of high-voltage lithium metal batteries in ether electrolytes. Nat. Energy 3(9), 739–746 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0199-8
  200. J. Yang, J. Shang, Q. Liu, X. Yang, Y. Tan et al., Variant-localized high-concentration electrolyte without phase separation for low-temperature batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(33), e202406182 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202406182
  201. X. Cao, X. Ren, L. Zou, M.H. Engelhard, W. Huang et al., Monolithic solid–electrolyte interphases formed in fluorinated orthoformate-based electrolytes minimize Li depletion and pulverization. Nat. Energy 4(9), 796–805 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0464-5
  202. S. Kim, V.G. Pol, Tailored solvation and interface structures by tetrahydrofuran-derived electrolyte facilitates ultralow temperature lithium metal battery operations. Chemsuschem 16(5), e202202143 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202143
  203. X. Peng, T. Wang, B. Liu, Y. Li, T. Zhao, A solvent molecule reconstruction strategy enabling a high-voltage ether-based electrolyte. Energy Environ. Sci. 15(12), 5350–5361 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02344j
  204. J. Holoubek, K. Kim, Y. Yin, Z. Wu, H. Liu et al., Electrolyte design implications of ion-pairing in low-temperature Li metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 15(4), 1647–1658 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee03422g
  205. J. Shi, C. Xu, J. Lai, Z. Li, Y. Zhang et al., An amphiphilic molecule-regulated core-shell-solvation electrolyte for Li-metal batteries at ultra-low temperature. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(13), e202218151 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202218151
  206. Z. Cui, D. Wang, J. Guo, Q. Nian, D. Ruan et al., Push–pull electrolyte design strategy enables high-voltage low-temperature lithium metal batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146(40), 27644–27654 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c09027
  207. F. Ren, Z. Li, J. Chen, P. Huguet, Z. Peng et al., Solvent–diluent interaction-mediated solvation structure of localized high-concentration electrolytes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(3), 4211–4219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c21638
  208. Z. Jiang, C. Li, T. Yang, Y. Deng, J. Zou et al., Fluorine-free lithium metal batteries with a stable LiF-free solid electrolyte interphase. ACS Energy Lett. 9(4), 1389–1396 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c02724
  209. J. Moon, D.O. Kim, L. Bekaert, M. Song, J. Chung et al., Non-fluorinated non-solvating cosolvent enabling superior performance of lithium metal negative electrode battery. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 4538 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32192-5
  210. A.-M. Li, O. Borodin, T.P. Pollard, W. Zhang, N. Zhang et al., Methylation enables the use of fluorine-free ether electrolytes in high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Nat. Chem. 16(6), 922–929 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-024-01497-x
  211. T. Ma, Y. Ni, Q. Wang, W. Zhang, S. Jin et al., Optimize lithium deposition at low temperature by weakly solvating power solvent. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 134(39), e202207927 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202207927
  212. Y. Huang, R. Li, S. Weng, H. Zhang, C. Zhu et al., Eco-friendly electrolytes via a robust bond design for high-energy Li metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 15(10), 4349–4361 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE01756C
  213. Y. Liao, M. Zhou, L. Yuan, K. Huang, D. Wang et al., Eco-friendly tetrahydropyran enables weakly solvating “4S” electrolytes for lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(32), 2301477 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202301477
  214. Y.-X. Yao, X. Chen, C. Yan, X.-Q. Zhang, W.-L. Cai et al., Regulating interfacial chemistry in lithium-ion batteries by a weakly solvating electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 133(8), 4136–4143 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202011482
  215. Z. Li, Y. Liao, H. Ji, X. Lin, Y. Wei et al., A tetrahydropyran-based weakly solvating electrolyte for low-temperature and high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(15), 2404120 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202404120
  216. Y. Chen, Z. Yu, P. Rudnicki, H. Gong, Z. Huang et al., Steric effect tuned ion solvation enabling stable cycling of high-voltage lithium metal battery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143(44), 18703–18713 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c09006
  217. H. Zhang, Z. Zeng, F. Ma, Q. Wu, X. Wang et al., Cyclopentylmethyl ether, a non-fluorinated, weakly solvating and wide temperature solvent for high-performance lithium metal battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(21), e202300771 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202300771
  218. X. Zhu, J. Chen, G. Liu, Y. Mo, Y. Xie et al., Non-fluorinated cyclic ether-based electrolyte with quasi-conjugate effect for high-performance lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(1), e202412859 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202412859
  219. X. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Yun, J. Li, H. Yu et al., Anchored weakly-solvated electrolytes for high-voltage and low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(36), e202406596 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202406596
  220. P. Liang, J. Li, Y. Dong, Z. Wang, G. Ding et al., Modulating interfacial solvation via ion dipole interactions for low-temperature and high-voltage lithium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(4), e202415853 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202415853
  221. N. Piao, J. Wang, X. Gao, R. Li, H. Zhang et al., Designing temperature-insensitive solvated electrolytes for low-temperature lithium metal batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146(27), 18281–18291 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c01735
  222. Y. Yang, Y. Yin, D.M. Davies, M. Zhang, M. Mayer et al., Liquefied gas electrolytes for wide-temperature lithium metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 13(7), 2209–2219 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01446j
  223. Z. Wang, Z. He, Z. Wang, J. Yang, K. Long et al., A nitrile solvent structure induced stable solid electrolyte interphase for wide-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Sci. 15(34), 13768–13778 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SC03890H
  224. Q. Li, G. Liu, H. Cheng, Q. Sun, J. Zhang et al., Low-temperature electrolyte design for lithium-ion batteries: prospect and challenges. Chem. Eur. J. 27(64), 15842–15865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202101407
  225. R. Rohan, T.-C. Kuo, J.-H. Lin, Y.-C. Hsu, C.-C. Li et al., Dinitrile–mononitrile-based electrolyte system for lithium-ion battery application with the mechanism of reductive decomposition of mononitriles. J. Phys. Chem. C 120(12), 6450–6458 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b00980
  226. Y.-S. Kim, H. Lee, H.-K. Song, Surface complex formation between aliphatic nitrile molecules and transition metal atoms for thermally stable lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(11), 8913–8920 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am501671p
  227. Y.-G. Cho, Y.-S. Kim, D.-G. Sung, M.-S. Seo, H.-K. Song, Nitrile-assistant eutectic electrolytes for cryogenic operation of lithium ion batteries at fast charges and discharges. Energy Environ. Sci. 7(5), 1737–1743 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE43029D
  228. L. Luo, K. Chen, H. Chen, H. Li, R. Cao et al., Enabling ultralow-temperature (-70 °C) lithium-ion batteries: advanced electrolytes utilizing weak-solvation and low-viscosity nitrile cosolvent. Adv. Mater. 36(5), e2308881 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202308881
  229. D. Lu, R. Li, M.M. Rahman, P. Yu, L. Lv et al., Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction. Nature 627(8002), 101–107 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07045-4
  230. S. Li, H. Liu, L. Zheng, C. Ma, H. Yu et al., Electrolyte with weakly coordinating solvents for high-performance FeS2 cathode. Nano Energy 131, 110234 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110234
  231. S. Tan, H. Liu, Z. Wu, C. Weiland, S.-M. Bak et al., Isoxazole-based electrolytes for lithium metal protection and lithium-sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) battery operating at low temperature. J. Electrochem. Soc. 169(3), 030513 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac58c5
  232. T. Liu, J. Feng, Z. Shi, H. Li, W. Zhao et al., Diminishing ether-oxygen content of electrolytes enables temperature-immune lithium metal batteries. Sci. China Chem. 66(9), 2700–2710 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1705-9
  233. L. Cheng, Y. Wang, J. Yang, M. Tang, C. Zhang et al., An ultrafast and stable Li-metal battery cycled at –40 °C. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(11), 2212349 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202212349
  234. A. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wu, Y. He, D. Ren et al., Uncovering the effect of solid electrolyte interphase on ion desolvation for rational interface design in Li-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(25), 2300626 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202300626
  235. S. Tu, B. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Chen, X. Wang et al., Fast-charging capability of graphite-based lithium-ion batteries enabled by Li3P-based crystalline solid–electrolyte interphase. Nat. Energy 8(12), 1365–1374 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01387-5
  236. C. Wang, Y. Xie, Y. Huang, S. Zhou, H. Xie et al., Li3PO4-enriched SEI on graphite anode boosts Li+ de-solvation enabling fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(21), e202402301 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202402301
  237. S. Wang, Z. Xue, F. Chu, Z. Guan, J. Lei et al., Moderately concentrated electrolyte enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries with a wide working temperature range. J. Energy Chem. 79, 201–210 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.12.060
  238. D. Zhao, S. Li, Regulating the performance of lithium-ion battery focus on the electrode-electrolyte interface. Front. Chem. 8, 821 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00821
  239. W. Zhang, Y. Lu, Q. Cao, H. Liu, Q. Feng et al., A reversible self-assembled molecular layer for lithium metal batteries with high energy/power densities at ultra-low temperatures. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(13), 4531–4543 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE01298D
  240. H. Wang, S. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Jing et al., Organosilicon-based functional electrolytes for high-performance lithium batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(28), 2101057 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202101057
  241. Y. Wang, J. Liu, H. Ji, S. Wang, M. Wang et al., Optimizing Si─O conjugation to enhance interfacial kinetics for low-temperature rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 37(3), 2412155 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202412155
  242. W. Zhang, Y. Lu, Q. Feng, H. Wang, G. Cheng et al., Multifunctional electrolyte additive for high power lithium metal batteries at ultra-low temperatures. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 3344 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58627-3
  243. Y. Ou, D. Zhu, P. Zhou, C. Li, Y. Lu et al., Self-compartmented electrolyte design for stable cycling of lithium metal batteries under extreme conditions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(24), e202504632 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202504632
  244. F. Chu, R. Deng, F. Wu, Unveiling the effect and correlative mechanism of series-dilute electrolytes on lithium metal anodes. Energy Storage Mater. 56, 141–154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.001
  245. X. Weng, Y. Qin, X. Da, Y. Zhao, X. Deng et al., N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide as a multifunctional electrolyte additive for co-stabilizing dual-electrodes of lithium metal batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance. Chem. Eng. J. 466, 143302 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.143302
  246. X. Yin, B. Li, H. Liu, B. Wen, J. Liu et al., Solvent-derived organic-rich SEI enables capacity enhancement for low-temperature lithium metal batteries. Joule 9(4), 101823 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2025.101823
  247. X. Meng, J. Qin, Y. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Zhao et al., Electrolyte strategy toward the low-temperature Li-metal secondary battery. Chem. Eng. J. 465, 142913 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142913
  248. D. Zhang, D. Zhu, W. Guo, C. Deng, Q. Xu et al., The fluorine-rich electrolyte as an interface modifier to stabilize lithium metal battery at ultra-low temperature. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(23), 2112764 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202112764
  249. X. Zhou, Y. Zhou, L. Yu, L. Qi, K.-S. Oh et al., Gel polymer electrolytes for rechargeable batteries toward wide-temperature applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 53(10), 5291–5337 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs00551h
  250. L.-Z. Fan, H. He, C.-W. Nan, Tailoring inorganic–polymer composites for the mass production of solid-state batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6(11), 1003–1019 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00320-0
  251. D. Luo, M. Li, Y. Zheng, Q. Ma, R. Gao et al., Electrolyte design for lithium metal anode-based batteries toward extreme temperature application. Adv. Sci. 8(18), e2101051 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202101051
  252. Q. Liu, L. Wang, Fundamentals of electrolyte design for wide-temperature lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(37), 2301742 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202301742
  253. F. Wang, J. Zhong, Y. Guo, Q. Han, H. Liu et al., Fluorinated nonflammable in situ gel polymer electrolyte for high-voltage lithium metal batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(33), 39265–39275 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c05840
  254. Z. Lin, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Liu, S. Zhong et al., Regulating solvation structure in gel polymer electrolytes with covalent organic frameworks for lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 53, 917–926 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.10.019
  255. K. Huang, S. Bi, H. Xu, L. Wu, C. Fang et al., Optimizing Li-ion solvation in gel polymer electrolytes to stabilize Li-metal anode. Chemsuschem 16(19), e202300671 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202300671
  256. J. Yu, X. Lin, J. Liu, J.T.T. Yu, M.J. Robson et al., In situ fabricated quasi-solid polymer electrolyte for high-energy-density lithium metal battery capable of subzero operation. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(2), 2102932 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102932
  257. S. Mo, H. An, Q. Liu, J. Zhu, C. Fu et al., Multistage bridge engineering for electrolyte and interface enables quasi-solid batteries to operate at -40 °C. Energy Storage Mater. 65, 103179 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103179
  258. X. Chen, C. Qin, F. Chu, F. Li, J. Liu et al., Contriving a gel polymer electrolyte to drive quasi-solid-state high-voltage Li metal batteries at ultralow temperatures. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(2), 910–922 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE04011B
  259. M. Xin, Y. Zhang, Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhai et al., In situ-initiated poly-1, 3-dioxolane gel electrolyte for high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Molecules 29(11), 2454 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112454
  260. X. Liu, D. Wang, Z. Zhang, G. Li, J. Wang et al., Gel polymer electrolyte enables low-temperature and high-rate lithium-ion batteries via bionic interface design. Small 20(45), 2404879 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202404879
  261. A. Benayad, D. Diddens, A. Heuer, A.N. Krishnamoorthy, M. Maiti et al., High-throughput experimentation and computational freeway lanes for accelerated battery electrolyte and interface development research. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(17), 2102678 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102678
  262. Y. Cao, A. Aspuru-Guzik, Accelerating discovery in organic redox flow batteries. Nat. Comput. Sci. 4(2), 89–91 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-024-00600-z
  263. M. Reza Izadi, R. Haghbakhsh, S. Raeissi, Thermodynamic screening of various group contribution methods for estimation of the critical properties and acentric factors of deep eutectic solvents. J. Mol. Liq. 399, 124345 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124345
  264. N. Yao, L. Yu, Z.-H. Fu, X. Shen, T.-Z. Hou et al., Probing the origin of viscosity of liquid electrolytes for lithium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(41), e202305331 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202305331
  265. B. He, Q. Zhang, Z. Pan, L. Li, C. Li et al., Freestanding metal–organic frameworks and their derivatives: an emerging platform for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Chem. Rev. 122(11), 10087–10125 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00978
  266. X. Chen, X. Liu, X. Shen, Q. Zhang, Applying machine learning to rechargeable batteries: from the microscale to the macroscale. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(46), 24354–24366 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202107369
  267. N. Yao, X. Chen, Z.-H. Fu, Q. Zhang, Applying classical, ab initio, and machine-learning molecular dynamics simulations to the liquid electrolyte for rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 122(12), 10970–11021 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00904
  268. S.C. Kim, S.T. Oyakhire, C. Athanitis, J. Wang, Z. Zhang et al., Data-driven electrolyte design for lithium metal anodes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 120(10), e2214357120 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214357120
  269. Y.-C. Gao, N. Yao, X. Chen, L. Yu, R. Zhang et al., Data-driven insight into the reductive stability of ion–solvent complexes in lithium battery electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145(43), 23764–23770 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c08346
  270. Y. Liu, B. Guo, X. Zou, Y. Li, S. Shi, Machine learning assisted materials design and discovery for rechargeable batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 31, 434–450 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.06.033
  271. D.K.J. Lee, T.L. Tan, M.-F. Ng, Machine learning-assisted Bayesian optimization for the discovery of effective additives for dendrite suppression in lithium metal batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(46), 64364–64376 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c16611
  272. T. Lombardo, M. Duquesnoy, H. El-Bouysidy, F. Årén, A. Gallo-Bueno et al., Artificial intelligence applied to battery research: hype or reality? Chem. Rev. 122(12), 10899–10969 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00108
  273. Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Z. He, L. Xu, P. Yu et al., Artificial intelligence for the understanding of electrolyte chemistry and electrode interface in lithium battery. Natl. Sci. Open (2023). https://doi.org/10.1360/nso/20230039
  274. Y. Kitazawa, K. Iwata, R. Kido, S. Imaizumi, S. Tsuzuki et al., Polymer electrolytes containing solvate ionic liquids: a new approach to achieve high ionic conductivity, thermal stability, and a wide potential window. Chem. Mater. 30(1), 252–261 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b04274
  275. J. Zhang, J. Zhu, R. Zhao, J. Liu, X. Song et al., An all-in-one free-standing single-ion conducting semi-solid polymer electrolyte for high-performance practical Li metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(19), 7119–7128 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE02208D
  276. G.R. Zhu, Q. Zhang, Q.S. Liu, Q.Y. Bai, Y.Z. Quan et al., Non-flammable solvent-free liquid polymer electrolyte for lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 4617 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 148 Download : 113

Most read articles by the same author(s)