Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Engineering Bifunctional Catalytic Microenvironments for Durable and High-Energy-Density Metal–Air Batteries

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01799-w
Jean Marie Vianney Nsanzimana
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, PD, Italy
Lebin Cai
Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
Zhongqing Jiang
Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Quantum State Control and Optical Field Manipulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Bao Yu Xia
Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
Thandavarayan Maiyalagan
Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu 603203, India

Corresponding Author: Thandavarayan Maiyalagan

maiyalat@srmist.edu.in

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 294

Abstract

Rechargeable metal–air batteries have gained significant interest due to their high energy density and environmental benignity. However, these batteries face significant challenges, particularly related to the air-breathing electrode, resulting in poor cycle life, low efficiency, and catalyst degradation. Developing a robust bifunctional electrocatalyst remains difficult, as oxygen electrocatalysis involves sluggish kinetics and follows different reaction pathways, often requiring distinct active sites. Consequently, the poorly understood mechanisms and irreversible surface reconstruction in the catalyst’s microenvironment, such as atomic modulation, nano-/microscale, and surface interfaces, lead to accelerated degradation during charge and discharge cycles. Overcoming these barriers requires advancements in the development and understanding of bifunctional electrocatalysts. In this review, the critical components of metal–air batteries, the associated challenges, and the current engineering approaches to address these issues are discussed. Additionally, the mechanisms of oxygen electrocatalysis on the air electrodes are examined, along with insights into how chemical characteristics of materials influence these mechanisms. Furthermore, recent advances in bifunctional electrocatalysts are highlighted, with an emphasis on the synthesis strategies, microenvironmental modulations, and stabilized systems demonstrating efficient performance, particularly zinc– and lithium–air batteries. Finally, perspectives and future research directions are provided for designing efficient and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for metal–air batteries.


Highlights:
1 Overview of metal–air batteries architecture, reaction mechanisms, and challenges in developing bifunctional air-breathing electrodes.
2 Comprehensive discussion on engineering the microenvironment chemistry of noble metal-free bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts.
3 Insights into future research directions for earth-abundant bifunctional catalysts with enhanced performance and durability, aiming to guide the future development of advanced bifunctional catalysts for scalable applications.

Keywords

Electrocatalysis Earth-abundant materials Bifunctional electrocatalysts Oxygen electrocatalysis Metal–air batteries
Nsanzimana, Jean Marie Vianney, Lebin Cai, Zhongqing Jiang, Bao Yu Xia, and Thandavarayan Maiyalagan. 2025. “Engineering Bifunctional Catalytic Microenvironments for Durable and High-Energy-Density Metal–Air Batteries”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (June):294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01799-w.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. I. Kamaraj, S. Kamaraj, Introduction to energy storage and conversion, in Materials for Boosting Energy Storage. Volume 1: Advances in Sustainable Energy Technologies. ed. by S.S. Kumar, P. Sharma, T. Kumar, V. Kumar (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2024), pp.1–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2024-1477.ch001
  2. S.H. Davies, P. Christensen, T. Holberg, J. Avelar, O. Heidrich, in Raw materials and recycling of lithium-ion batteries. Emerging Battery Technologies to Boost the Clean Energy Transition. (Springer, Cham, 2024), pp. 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48359-2_9
  3. B. Ramasubramanian, J. Ling, R. Jose, S. Ramakrishna, Ten major challenges for sustainable lithium-ion batteries. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 5(6), 102032 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102032
  4. D. Lin, Y. Lin, R. Pan, J. Li, A. Zhu et al., Water-restrained hydrogel electrolytes with repulsion-driven cationic express pathways for durable zinc-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 193 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01704-5
  5. Y. Gao, L. Liu, Y. Jiang, D. Yu, X. Zheng et al., Design principles and mechanistic understandings of non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for zinc-air batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 162 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01366-9
  6. H. Zhang, X. Gan, Y. Yan, J. Zhou, A sustainable dual cross-linked cellulose hydrogel electrolyte for high-performance zinc-metal batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 106 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01329-0
  7. M. Asmare Alemu, A. Ketema Worku, M. Zegeye Getie, Recent advancement of electrically rechargeable di-trivalent metal-air batteries for future mobility. Results Chem. 6, 101041 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2023.101041
  8. Y.-E. Feng, W. Chen, L. Zhao, Z.-J. Jiang, X. Tian et al., Ar/NH3 plasma etching of cobalt-nickel selenide microspheres rich in selenium vacancies wrapped with nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes as highly efficient air cathode catalysts for zinc-air batteries. Small Meth. 8(12), 2400565 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202400565
  9. Y. Xiong, Z. Jiang, L. Gong, X. Tian, C. Song et al., Construction of Co/FeCo@Fe(Co)3O4 heterojunction rich in oxygen vacancies derived from metal–organic frameworks using O2 plasma as a high-performance bifunctional catalyst for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 649, 36–48 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.040
  10. S. Islam, S.M. Abu Nayem, A. Anjum, S. Shaheen Shah, A.J. Saleh Ahammad et al., A mechanistic overview of the current status and future challenges in air cathode for aluminum air batteries. Chem. Rec. 24(1), e202300017 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202300017
  11. E.V. Timofeeva, C.U. Segre, G.S. Pour, M. Vazquez, B.L. Patawah, Aqueous air cathodes and catalysts for metal–air batteries. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 38, 101246 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101246
  12. F. Torabi, P. Ahmadi, Chapter 1 - battery technologies, in Simulation of Battery Systems. ed. by F. Torabi, P. Ahmadi (Academic Press, 2020), pp.1–54
  13. A.G. Olabi, E.T. Sayed, T. Wilberforce, A. Jamal, A.H. Alami et al., Metal-air batteries: a review. Energies 14(21), 7373 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217373
  14. J. Fu, Z.P. Cano, M.G. Park, A. Yu, M. Fowler et al., Electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries: progress, challenges, and perspectives. Adv. Mater. 29(7), 1604685 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604685
  15. L. Yaqoob, T. Noor, N. Iqbal, An overview of metal-air batteries, current progress, and future perspectives. J. Energy Storage 56, 106075 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106075
  16. G. Nazir, A. Rehman, J.-H. Lee, C.-H. Kim, J. Gautam et al., A review of rechargeable zinc-air batteries: recent progress and future perspectives. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 138 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01328-1
  17. B. Rani, J.K. Yadav, P. Saini, A.P. Pandey, A. Dixit, Aluminum-air batteries: current advances and promises with future directions. RSC Adv. 14(25), 17628–17663 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra02219j
  18. Y. Wang, Y. Sun, W. Ren, D. Zhang, Y. Yang et al., Challenges and prospects of Mg-air batteries: a review. Energy Mater 2(4), 200024 (2022). https://doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.20
  19. J.G. Smith, J. Naruse, H. Hiramatsu, D.J. Siegel, Intrinsic conductivity in magnesium–oxygen battery discharge products: MgO and MgO2. Chem. Mater. 29(7), 3152–3163 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00217
  20. B. Sun, H. Wang, C. Peng, Harnessing solid-state technology for next-generation iron–air batteries. Sustain. Energy Fuels 8(24), 5711–5730 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01224K
  21. L. Lyu, S. Cho, Y.-M. Kang, Recent advances in perovskite oxide electrocatalysts for Li–O2 batteries. EES Catal. 1(3), 230–249 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EY00028A
  22. A. Singh, R. Sharma, A. Gautam, B. Kumar, S. Mittal et al., Chemistry in rechargeable zinc-air battery: a mechanistic overview. Catal. Today 445, 115108 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2024.115108
  23. Z. Cai, J. Wang, Y. Sun, Anode corrosion in aqueous Zn metal batteries. eScience 3(1), 100093 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esci.2023.100093
  24. Y. Gong, K. Wei, W. Jiang, C. Xiang, H. Ding et al., Effect of Zn addition on the microstructure and discharge performance of Mg-Al-Mn-Ca alloys for magnesium-air batteries. Metals 14(9), 1014 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091014
  25. B. Ma, Y.-L. Zhang, X.-H. Liu, Concept of hydrophobic Li+-solvated structure for high performances lithium metal batteries. Rare Met. 42(5), 1427–1430 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02217-5
  26. H. Huang, C. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Wu, Y. Liu et al., Functional inorganic additives in composite solid-state electrolytes for flexible lithium metal batteries. Adv. Powder Mater. 3(1), 100141 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmate.2023.100141
  27. S.M. Abu Nayem, S. Islam, M. Mohamed, S. Shaheen Shah, A.J. Saleh Ahammad et al., A mechanistic overview of the current status and future challenges of aluminum anode and electrolyte in aluminum-air batteries. Chem. Rec. 24(1), e202300005 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202300005
  28. M. Salado, E. Lizundia, Advances, challenges, and environmental impacts in metal–air battery electrolytes. Mater. Today Energy 28, 101064 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101064
  29. L. Jiang, X. Luo, D.-W. Wang, A review on system and materials for aqueous flexible metal–air batteries. Carbon Energy 5(3), e284 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.284
  30. J. Zhou, J. Cheng, B. Wang, H. Peng, J. Lu, Flexible metal–gas batteries: a potential option for next-generation power accessories for wearable electronics. Energy Environ. Sci. 13(7), 1933–1970 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE00039F
  31. H. Yan, S. Li, J. Zhong, B. Li, An electrochemical perspective of aqueous zinc metal anode. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 15 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01227-x
  32. L. Jiang, Y. Ding, L. Li, Y. Tang, P. Zhou et al., Cationic adsorption-induced microlevelling effect: a pathway to dendrite-free zinc anodes. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 202 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01709-0
  33. Z. Liu, M. Xi, R. Sheng, Y. Huang, J. Ding et al., Zn(TFSI)2-mediated ring-opening polymerization for electrolyte engineering toward stable aqueous zinc metal batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 120 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01649-9
  34. H.-F. Wang, Q. Xu, Materials design for rechargeable metal-air batteries. Matter 1(3), 565–595 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.05.008
  35. Q. Liu, Z. Pan, E. Wang, L. An, G. Sun, Aqueous metal-air batteries: fundamentals and applications. Energy Storage Mater. 27, 478–505 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.12.011
  36. Q. Sun, L. Dai, T. Luo, L. Wang, F. Liang et al., Recent advances in solid-state metal–air batteries. Carbon Energy 5(2), e276 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.276
  37. A. Iqbal, O.M. El-Kadri, N.M. Hamdan, Insights into rechargeable Zn-air batteries for future advancements in energy storing technology. J. Energy Storage 62, 106926 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.106926
  38. H.B. Tao, J. Zhang, J. Chen, L. Zhang, Y. Xu et al., Revealing energetics of surface oxygen redox from kinetic fingerprint in oxygen electrocatalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(35), 13803–13811 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b01834
  39. M. Jahan, Z. Liu, K.P. Loh, A graphene oxide and copper-centered metal organic framework composite as a tri-functional catalyst for HER, OER, and ORR. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(43), 5363–5372 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300510
  40. C. He, C. Xia, F.-M. Li, J. Zhang, W. Guo et al., Rational design of oxygen species adsorption on nonnoble metal catalysts for two-electron oxygen reduction. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(1), 2303233 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202303233
  41. H. Adamu, Z.H. Yamani, M. Qamar, Modulation to favorable surface adsorption energy for oxygen evolution reaction intermediates over carbon-tunable alloys towards sustainable hydrogen production. Mater. Renew. Sustain. Energy 11(3), 169–213 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-022-00214-3
  42. J. Milikić, A. Nastasić, M. Martins, C.A.C. Sequeira, B. Šljukić, Air cathodes and bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for aqueous metal–air batteries. Batteries 9(8), 394 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9080394
  43. J. Li, Oxygen evolution reaction in energy conversion and storage: design strategies under and beyond the energy scaling relationship. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 112 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00857-x
  44. D. Zha, R. Wang, S. Tian, Z.-J. Jiang, Z. Xu et al., Defect engineering and carbon supporting to achieve Ni-doped CoP3 with high catalytic activities for overall water splitting. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 250 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01471-9
  45. X. Lyu, X. Gu, G. Li, H. Chen, H. Hou et al., Hierarchical porous carbon anchored atomic/clustered cobalt for boosting oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. ChemCatChem 14(24), e202201192 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202201192
  46. L. Sun, M. Feng, Y. Peng, X. Zhao, Y. Shao et al., Constructing oxygen vacancies by doping Mo into spinel Co3O4 to trigger a fast oxide path mechanism for acidic oxygen evolution reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 12(15), 8796–8804 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA00655K
  47. N. Han, W. Zhang, W. Guo, H. Pan, B. Jiang et al., Designing oxide catalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis: insights from mechanism to application. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 185 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01152-z
  48. X. Rong, J. Parolin, A.M. Kolpak, A fundamental relationship between reaction mechanism and stability in metal oxide catalysts for oxygen evolution. ACS Catal. 6(2), 1153–1158 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b02432
  49. J.S. Yoo, X. Rong, Y. Liu, A.M. Kolpak, Role of lattice oxygen participation in understanding trends in the oxygen evolution reaction on perovskites. ACS Catal. 8(5), 4628–4636 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b00612
  50. J. Guo, H. Liu, D. Li, J. Wang, X. Djitcheu et al., A minireview on the synthesis of single atom catalysts. RSC Adv. 12(15), 9373–9394 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra00657j
  51. M. Du, B. Chu, Q. Wang, C. Li, Y. Lu et al., Dual Fe/I single-atom electrocatalyst for high-performance oxygen reduction and wide-temperature quasi-solid-state Zn-air batteries. Adv. Mater. 36(47), 2412978 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202412978
  52. X. Shi, P. Sun, X. Wang, W. Xiang, Y. Wei et al., High-performance rechargeable zinc-air batteries enabled by cobalt iron anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon matrix as bifunctional electrocatalyst. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 679, 1029–1039 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.10.129
  53. Y. Liu, W. Zhang, Large-scale synthesis of functional single-atom catalysts. Commun. Chem. 6(1), 36 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-00834-4
  54. Y. Du, Z. Zhong, Z. Shi, L. Zhou, S. Pan et al., Dual-ligand engineered CoNi alloy/N-doped carbon nanotubes bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalyst for long-lifespan rechargeable Zn-air batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 683, 631–640 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.12.036
  55. V. Jose, J.M.V. Nsanzimana, H. Hu, J. Choi, X. Wang et al., Highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction activity of N-doped carbon–cobalt boride heterointerfaces. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(17), 2100157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100157
  56. Y. Duan, B. Li, K. Yang, Z. Gong, X. Peng et al., Ultrahigh energy and power density in Ni-Zn aqueous battery via superoxide-activated three-electron transfer. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 79 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01586-z
  57. N. Liu, Y. Li, W. Liu, Z. Liang, B. Liao et al., Engineering bipolar doping in a Janus dual-atom catalyst for photo-enhanced rechargeable Zn-air battery. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 203 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01707-2
  58. C. Xu, J. Wu, L. Chen, Y. Gong, B. Mao et al., Boric acid-assisted pyrolysis for high-loading single-atom catalysts to boost oxygen reduction reaction in Zn-air batteries. Energy Environ. Mater. 7(2), e12569 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12569
  59. W.W. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y.C. Li, L.L. Sun, X.Y. Zhang, First-principles calculations insight into non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for zinc–air batteries. Appl. Energy 391, 125925 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125925
  60. S. Mitchell, J. Pérez-Ramírez, Single atom catalysis: a decade of stunning progress and the promise for a bright future. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 4302 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18182-5
  61. T. Bai, D. Li, S. Xiao, F. Ji, S. Zhang et al., Recent progress on single-atom catalysts for lithium–air battery applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 16(4), 1431–1465 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02949a
  62. P. Zhang, K. Chen, J. Li, M. Wang, M. Li et al., Bifunctional single atom catalysts for rechargeable zinc–air batteries: from dynamic mechanism to rational design. Adv. Mater. 35(35), 2303243 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202303243
  63. Y. Chen, T. He, Q. Liu, Y. Hu, H. Gu et al., Highly durable iron single-atom catalysts for low-temperature zinc-air batteries by electronic regulation of adjacent iron nanoclusters. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 323, 122163 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122163
  64. X. Zhang, Y. Liu, X. Zhao, Z. Cheng, X. Mu, Recent advances and perspectives of high-entropy alloys as electrocatalysts for metal-air batteries. Energy Fuels 38(20), 19236–19252 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c03386
  65. X. Yang, L. Xu, Y. Li, Do we achieve “1 + 1 > 2” in dual-atom or dual-single-atom catalysts? Coord. Chem. Rev. 516, 215961 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215961
  66. S. Qin, K. Li, M. Cao, W. Liu, Z. Huang et al., Fe-Co-Ni ternary single-atom electrocatalyst and stable quasi-solid-electrolyte enabling high-efficiency zinc-air batteries. Nano Res. Energy 3(3), e9120122 (2024). https://doi.org/10.26599/nre.2024.9120122
  67. J.-E. Tsai, W.-X. Hong, H. Pourzolfaghar, W.-H. Wang, Y.-Y. Li, A Fe-Ni-Zn triple single-atom catalyst for efficient oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction in rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 460, 141868 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141868
  68. Y. Ma, H. Fan, C. Wu, M. Zhang, J. Yu et al., An efficient dual-metal single-atom catalyst for bifunctional catalysis in zinc-air batteries. Carbon 185, 526–535 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.09.044
  69. R. Li, D. Wang, Superiority of dual-atom catalysts in electrocatalysis: one step further than single-atom catalysts. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(9), 2103564 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103564
  70. J. Chen, H. Li, C. Fan, Q. Meng, Y. Tang et al., Dual single-atomic Ni-N4 and Fe-N4 sites constructing Janus hollow graphene for selective oxygen electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 32(30), 2003134 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003134
  71. X. Li, G. Han, S. Lou, Z. Qiang, J. Zhu et al., Tailoring lithium-peroxide reaction kinetics with CuN2C2 single-atom moieties for lithium-oxygen batteries. Nano Energy 93, 106810 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106810
  72. J. Li, C. Chen, L. Xu, Y. Zhang, W. Wei et al., Challenges and perspectives of single-atom-based catalysts for electrochemical reactions. JACS Au 3(3), 736–755 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.3c00001
  73. Q. Wang, Y. Xue, S. Sun, S. Yan, H. Miao et al., Facile synthesis of ternary spinel Co–Mn–Ni nanorods as efficient bi-functional oxygen catalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. J. Power. Sources 435, 226761 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226761
  74. Z. Abedi, D. Leistenschneider, W. Chen, D.G. Ivey, Spinel type Mn−Co oxide coated carbon fibers as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for zinc-air batteries. Batter. Supercaps 5(2), e202100339 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202100339
  75. X. Zhang, Q. Liu, S. Liu, E. Wang, Manganese-doped cobalt spinel oxide as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst toward high-stable rechargeable Zn-air battery. Electrochim. Acta 437, 141477 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141477
  76. P. Saha, S. Shaheen Shah, M. Ali, M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh, M.A. Aziz et al., Cobalt oxide-based electrocatalysts with bifunctionality for high-performing rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Chem. Rec. 24(1), e202300216 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202300216
  77. R.R. Ayyaluri, B.N. Vamsi Krishna, O.R. Ankinapalli, Y.J. Lee, L. Natarajan et al., MnCo2O4/Mn2O3 nanorod architectures as bifunctional electrocatalyst material for rechargeable zinc–air batteries. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 12(29), 10765–10775 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01477
  78. S. Kosasang, H. Gatemala, N. Ma, P. Chomkhuntod, M. Sawangphruk, Trimetallic spinel-type cobalt nickel-doped manganese oxides as bifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn-air batteries. Batter. Supercaps 3(7), 631–637 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202000006
  79. J. González-Morales, M. Aparicio, N.C. Rosero-Navarro, J. Mosa, A stable rechargeable aqueous Zn–oxygen battery with Mn-based bifunctional electrocatalysts. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 7(16), 7096–7109 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.4c01506
  80. X. Zheng, A.M. Zuria, M. Mohamedi, Tailored self-supported co, Ni/MnO2 Nanorods@Hierarchical carbon spheres chains as advanced electrocatalysts for rechargeable Zn-air battery and self-driven water splitting. ACS Electrochem. 1(2), 216–229 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acselectrochem.4c00066
  81. X. Zheng, A.M. Zuria, M. Mohamedi, Hybrid carbon sphere chain-MnO2 nanorods as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Inorg. Chem. 62(2), 989–1000 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03916
  82. T. Maiyalagan, K.A. Jarvis, S. Therese, P.J. Ferreira, A. Manthiram, Spinel-type lithium cobalt oxide as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions. Nat. Commun. 5, 3949 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4949
  83. Y. Xu, A. Sumboja, A. Groves, T. Ashton, Y. Zong et al., Enhancing bifunctional catalytic activity of cobalt–nickel sulfide spinel nanocatalysts through transition metal doping and its application in secondary zinc–air batteries. RSC Adv. 10(68), 41871–41882 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA08363A
  84. L.B. Liu, C. Yi, H.C. Mi, S.L. Zhang, X.Z. Fu et al., Perovskite oxides toward oxygen evolution reaction: intellectual design strategies, properties and perspectives. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 7(1), 14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-023-00209-2
  85. C. Sun, J.A. Alonso, J. Bian, Recent advances in perovskite-type oxides for energy conversion and storage applications. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(2), 2000459 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000459
  86. J. Suntivich, K.J. May, H.A. Gasteiger, J.B. Goodenough, Y. Shao-Horn, A perovskite oxide optimized for oxygen evolution catalysis from molecular orbital principles. Science 334(6061), 1383–1385 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212858
  87. Y. Deng, J. Du, Y. Zhu, L. Zhao, H. Wang et al., Interface engineering of Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite/CeO2/carbon heterojunction for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 653, 1775–1784 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.138
  88. H. Zhou, W. Zhao, J. Yan, Y. Zheng, Bifunctional catalytic activity of LaCoO3 perovskite air electrode for rechargeable Zn–air batteries boosted by molybdenum doping. J. Power. Sources 597, 234104 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234104
  89. D.U. Lee, M.G. Park, H.W. Park, M.H. Seo, V. Ismayilov et al., Highly active Co-doped LaMnO3 perovskite oxide and N-doped carbon nanotube hybrid bi-functional catalyst for rechargeable zinc–air batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 60, 38–41 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2015.08.001
  90. B.-Z. Hsu, J.-K. Lai, Y.-H. Lee, La-based perovskites for capacity enhancement of Li-O2 batteries. Front. Chem. 11, 1264593 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1264593
  91. Y. Li, M. Chen, M. Chu, X. Wang, Y. Wang et al., Mono-doped carbon nanofiber aerogel as a high-performance electrode material for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. ChemElectroChem 8(5), 829–838 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001593
  92. H. Zhou, W. Zhao, Z. Lu, S. He, B. Yin et al., Ba-doped LaCoO3 perovskite as novel bifunctional electrocatalyst for zinc–air batteries. Electrochim. Acta 462, 142757 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142757
  93. Y. Zhu, W. Zhou, J. Yu, Y. Chen, M. Liu et al., Enhancing electrocatalytic activity of perovskite oxides by tuning cation deficiency for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. Chem. Mater. 28(6), 1691–1697 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04457
  94. Z. Li, L. Lv, J. Wang, X. Ao, Y. Ruan et al., Engineering phosphorus-doped LaFeO3-δ perovskite oxide as robust bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts in alkaline solutions. Nano Energy 47, 199–209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.02.051
  95. Q. Wang, Y. Xue, S. Sun, S. Li, H. Miao et al., La0.8Sr0.2Co1-xMnxO3 perovskites as efficient bi-functional cathode catalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Electrochim. Acta 254, 14–24 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.034
  96. Q. Zheng, Y. Zhang, C. Wang, C. Zhang, Y. Guo, CoO enhanced oxygen evolution kinetics of LaMnO3 perovskite as a potential cathode for rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Energy Fuels 36(2), 1091–1099 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c03869
  97. X.X. Li, Y. Wang, Y.C. Li, Y. Liang, Durable bifunctional electrocatalyst for cathode of zinc-air battery: surface pre-reconstruction of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 perovskite by iron ions. J. Alloys Compd. 976, 173398 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.173398
  98. L. Gui, Z. Wang, K. Zhang, B. He, Y. Liu et al., Oxygen vacancies-rich Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ decorated Pr0.5Ba0.5CoO3-δ bifunctional catalyst for efficient and long-lasting rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 266, 118656 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118656
  99. F. Li, N. Mushtaq, T. Su, Y. Cui, J. Huang et al., NCNT grafted perovskite oxide as an active bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc-air battery. Mater. Today Nano 21, 100287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2022.100287
  100. T. Erdil, C. Toparli, B-site effect on high-entropy perovskite oxide as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc–air batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 6(21), 11255–11267 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02149
  101. Z. Shui, H. Tian, S. Yu, H. Xiao, W. Zhao et al., La0.75Sr0.25MnO3- based perovskite oxides as efficient and durable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts in rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Sci. China Mater. 66(3), 1002–1012 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-022-2203-5
  102. W.G. Hardin, D.A. Slanac, X. Wang, S. Dai, K.P. Johnston et al., Highly active, nonprecious metal perovskite electrocatalysts for bifunctional metal-air battery electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4(8), 1254–1259 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400595z
  103. K.H. Park, D.Y. Kim, J.Y. Kim, M. Kim, G.-T. Yun et al., Fabrication of highly monodisperse and small-grain platinum hole–cylinder nanops as a cathode catalyst for Li–O2 batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4(3), 2514–2521 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c03082
  104. N. Algethami, H.I. Alkhammash, F. Sultana, M. Mushtaq, A. Zaman et al., Preparation of RuO2/CNTs by atomic layer deposition and its application as binder free cathode for polymer based Li-O2 battery. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 17(9), 220967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.20964/2022.09.62
  105. Y. Cong, Z. Geng, Y. Sun, L. Yuan, X. Wang et al., Cation segregation of A-site deficiency perovskite La0.85FeO3-δ nanops toward high-performance cathode catalysts for rechargeable Li-O2 battery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(30), 25465–25472 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b07924
  106. Z. Wang, X. Peng, S. Guo, M. Sun, J. Cheng et al., Ultraviolet light-assisted Ag@La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.9Mn0.1O3 nanohybrids: a facile and versatile method for preparation of highly stable catalysts in Li-O2 batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4(9), 9376–9383 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c01572
  107. S. Guo, L. Zou, M. Sun, Z. Wang, S. Han et al., Enhancing the bifunctional catalytic performance of porous La0.9Mn0.6Ni0.4O3–δ Nanofibers for Li–O2 Batteries through exsolution of Ni nanops. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3(10), 10015–10022 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c01691
  108. Z. Wang, Y. You, J. Yuan, Y.-X. Yin, Y.-T. Li et al., Nickel-doped La0.8Sr0.2Mn1-xNixO3 nanops containing abundant oxygen vacancies as an optimized bifunctional catalyst for oxygen cathode in rechargeable lithium-air batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(10), 6520–6528 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00296
  109. H. Kim, Y.S. Lim, J.H. Kim, Highly porous structured Sr-doped La2NiO4/NiO composite cathode with interconnected pores for lithium-oxygen batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 431, 134278 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.134278
  110. Q. Qiu, Z.-Z. Pan, P. Yao, J. Yuan, C. Xia et al., A 98.2% energy efficiency Li-O2 battery using a LaNi-0.5Co0.5O3 perovskite cathode with extremely fast oxygen reduction and evolution kinetics. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139608 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139608
  111. G. Liu, H. Chen, L. Xia, S. Wang, L.-X. Ding et al., Hierarchical mesoporous/macroporous perovskite La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-x nanotubes: a bifunctional catalyst with enhanced activity and cycle stability for rechargeable lithium oxygen batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(40), 22478–22486 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06587
  112. Y. Cong, Z. Geng, Q. Zhu, H. Hou, X. Wu et al., Cation-exchange-induced metal and alloy dual-exsolution in perovskite ferrite oxides boosting the performance of Li-O2 battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(43), 23380–23387 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202110116
  113. Z. Zhang, K. Tan, Y. Gong, H. Wang, R. Wang et al., An integrated bifunctional catalyst of metal-sulfide/perovskite oxide for lithium-oxygen batteries. J. Power. Sources 437, 226908 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226908
  114. D. Du, R. Zheng, M. He, C. Zhao, B. Zhou et al., A-site cationic defects induced electronic structure regulation of LaMnO3 perovskite boosts oxygen electrode reactions in aprotic lithium–oxygen batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 43, 293–304 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.09.011
  115. C. Gong, L. Zhao, S. Li, H. Wang, Y. Gong et al., Atomic layered deposition iron oxide on perovskite LaNiO3 as an efficient and robust bi-functional catalyst for lithium oxygen batteries. Electrochim. Acta 281, 338–347 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.161
  116. R. Li, J. Long, M. Li, D. Du, L. Ren et al., Sulfur-doped LaNiO3 perovskite oxides with enriched anionic vacancies and manipulated orbital occupancy facilitating oxygen electrode reactions in lithium-oxygen batteries. Mater. Today Chem. 24, 100889 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.100889
  117. H. Hou, Y. Cong, Q. Zhu, Z. Geng, X. Wang et al., Fluorine induced surface reconstruction of perovskite ferrite oxide as cathode catalyst for prolong-life Li-O2 battery. Chem. Eng. J. 448, 137684 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137684
  118. G. Kothandam, G. Singh, X. Guan, J.M. Lee, K. Ramadass et al., Recent advances in carbon-based electrodes for energy storage and conversion. Adv. Sci. 10(18), 2301045 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202301045
  119. V.-T. Nguyen, K. Cho, Y. Choi, B. Hwang, Y.-K. Park et al., Biomass-derived materials for energy storage and electrocatalysis: recent advances and future perspectives. Biochar 6(1), 96 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00388-1
  120. M.A. Alemu, M. Zegeye Getie, H. Mulugeta Wassie, M. Shitye Alem, A.A. Assegie et al., Biomass-derived metal-free heteroatom doped nanostructured carbon electrocatalysts for high-performance rechargeable lithium–air batteries. Green Chem. 26(23), 11427–11443 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC02551B
  121. J. Guo, Y. Yao, X. Yan, X. Meng, Q. Wang et al., Emerging carbon-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: insights into mechanisms and applications. Inorganics 12(12), 303 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12120303
  122. C. Peng, J. Chen, M. Jin, X. Bi, C. Yi et al., Effect of the carbon on the electrochemical performance of rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 48(13), 5313–5322 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.240
  123. Y. Qian, Z. Hu, X. Ge, S. Yang, Y. Peng et al., A metal-free ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from metal-organic frameworks for rechargeable Zn-Air batteries. Carbon 111, 641–650 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.046
  124. Z. Li, Y. Yao, Y. Niu, W. Zhang, B. Chen et al., Multi-heteroatom-doped hollow carbon tubes as robust electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction. Chem. Eng. J. 418, 129321 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129321
  125. P. Li, H. Jang, J. Zhang, M. Tian, S. Chen et al., A metal-free N and P-codoped carbon nanosphere as bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. ChemElectroChem 6(2), 393–397 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801419
  126. V. Sankar Devi, P. Elumalai, Selenium heteroatom-doped mesoporous carbon as an efficient air-breathing electrode for rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries. New J. Chem. 47(5), 2189–2201 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ05679H
  127. S. Chen, H.-M. Yan, J. Tseng, S. Ge, X. Li et al., Synthesis of metal-nitrogen-carbon electrocatalysts with atomically regulated nitrogen-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146(20), 13703–13708 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c01770
  128. D. Sun, Y. Shen, W. Zhang, L. Yu, Z. Yi et al., A solution-phase bifunctional catalyst for lithium-oxygen batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136(25), 8941–8946 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja501877e
  129. S.K. Yadav, D. Deckenbach, S. Yadav, C. Njel, V. Trouillet et al., CoFe2O4@N-CNH as bifunctional hybrid catalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 11(28), 2400415 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202400415
  130. T.-H. Chen, C.-S. Ni, C.-Y. Lai, S. Gull, Y.-C. Chu et al., Enhanced oxygen evolution and power density of Co/Zn@NC@MWCNTs for the application of zinc-air batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 679, 119–131 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.187
  131. B.N. Vamsi Krishna, O.R. Ankinapalli, A.R. Reddy, J.S. Yu, Strong carbon layer-encapsulated cobalt tin sulfide-based nanoporous material as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for zinc–air batteries. Small 20(32), 2311176 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202311176
  132. Y.-F. Yao, W.-Y. Xie, S.-J. Huang, J.-S. Ye, H.-Y. Liu et al., Pyrolysis-free cobalt porphyrin coordination polymer as electrocatalyst for Zn-air batteries and water splitting. J. Electroanal. Chem. 952, 117987 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117987
  133. C.-X. Zhao, J.-N. Liu, B.-Q. Li, D. Ren, X. Chen et al., Multiscale construction of bifunctional electrocatalysts for long-lifespan rechargeable zinc–air batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(36), 2003619 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202003619
  134. F. Dong, M. Wu, Z. Chen, X. Liu, G. Zhang et al., Atomically dispersed transition metal-nitrogen-carbon bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for zinc-air batteries: recent advances and future perspectives. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 36 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00768-3
  135. J. Yang, Y. Wang, X. Zhao, J. Kang, X. Zhou et al., Atomically dispersed Fe-N4 bridged with MoOx clusters as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn-air battery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(9), 2416215 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202416215
  136. S. Shahzadi, M. Akhtar, M. Arshad, M.H. Ijaz, M.R.S.A. Janjua, A review on synthesis of MOF-derived carbon composites: innovations in electrochemical, environmental and electrocatalytic technologies. RSC Adv. 14(38), 27575–27607 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA05183A
  137. B. Li, L. Hong, C. Jing, X. Yue, H. Huang et al., A review of series transition metal-based MOFs materials and derivatives for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 365, 112836 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2023.112836
  138. J. Du, F. Zhang, L. Jiang, Z. Guo, H. Song, Enhanced cobalt MOF electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction via morphology regulation. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 158, 111661 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111661
  139. L. Magnier, G. Cossard, V. Martin, C. Pascal, V. Roche et al., Fe-Ni-based alloys as highly active and low-cost oxygen evolution reaction catalyst in alkaline media. Nat. Mater. 23(2), 252–261 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01744-5
  140. Y. Liu, Q. Yan, F. Ge, X. Duan, T. Wu et al., Size-confined Co nanops embedded in ultrathin carbon nanosheets for enhanced oxygen electrocatalysis in Zn–air batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 13(6), 4513–4520 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA07845D
  141. Y. Wu, J. Chen, J. Liu, L. Zhang, R. Abazari et al., Iron phthalocyanine coupled with Co-Nx sites in carbon nanostraws for Zn-Air batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 503, 158343 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158343
  142. G. Yerlikaya, M. Farsak, Enhancing lithium-air battery performance through CoPc@CNT composites: electrochemical analysis and insights. J. Energy Storage 73, 108991 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108991
  143. S.S. Shah, M.A. Aziz, P.I. Rasool, N.Z.K. Mohmand, A.J. Khan et al., Electrochemical synergy and future prospects: advancements and challenges in MXene and MOFs composites for hybrid supercapacitors. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 39, e00814 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00814
  144. Q. Zhao, L. Bao, H. Wang, D. Dou, Y. Cong et al., Bimetallic Co–Ni alloy nanops loaded on nitrogen-doped wrinkled carbon nanospheres as high-performance bifunctionalORR/OERelectrocatalyst in alkaline media. Ionics 30(8), 4797–4810 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-024-05478-5
  145. M. Cui, Y. Zhang, B. Xu, F. Xu, J. Chen et al., High-entropy alloy nanomaterials for electrocatalysis. Chem. Commun. 60(87), 12615–12632 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cc04075a
  146. C. Madan, S.R. Jha, N.K. Katiyar, A. Singh, R. Mitra et al., Understanding the evolution of catalytically active multi-metal sites in a bifunctional high-entropy alloy electrocatalyst for zinc–air battery application. Energy Adv. 2(12), 2055–2068 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3YA00356F
  147. Z. Jin, X. Zhou, Y. Hu, X. Tang, K. Hu et al., A fourteen-component high-entropy alloy@oxide bifunctional electrocatalyst with a record-low ΔE of 0.61 V for highly reversible Zn–air batteries. Chem. Sci. 13(41), 12056–12064 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC04461G
  148. T. Erdil, C. Ozgur, U. Geyikci, E. Lokcu, C. Toparli, Earth-abundant divalent cation high-entropy spinel ferrites as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction reactions. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 7(18), 7775–7786 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.4c01227
  149. X. Wang, Q. Dong, H. Qiao, Z. Huang, M.T. Saray et al., Continuous synthesis of hollow high-entropy nanops for energy and catalysis applications. Adv. Mater. 32(46), 2002853 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002853
  150. L. Tao, M. Sun, Y. Zhou, M. Luo, F. Lv et al., A general synthetic method for high-entropy alloy subnanometer ribbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144(23), 10582–10590 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c03544
  151. Z. Fang, S. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, K. Meng et al., The DFT and machine learning method accelerated the discovery of DMSCs with high ORR and OER catalytic activities. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 15(1), 281–289 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02938
  152. T.X. Nguyen, C.-H. Lee, J.-H. Sun, C.-K. Peng, W.-H. Chu et al., Synergistic modulation of electronic structure in high entropy perovskite oxide for enhanced bifuntional oxygen evolution/reduction reactions and its mechanistic insights via in situ analyses and density functional theory calculation. Chem. Eng. J. 511, 161731 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.161731
  153. A.R. Kottaichamy, J. Tzadikov, A. Pedersen, J. Barrio, G. Mark et al., A rechargeable Zn–air battery with high energy efficiency enabled by a hydrogen peroxide bifunctional catalyst. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(47), 2470208 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202470208
  154. M. Batool, O. Sanumi, J. Jankovic, Application of artificial intelligence in the materials science, with a special focus on fuel cells and electrolyzers. Energy AI 18, 100424 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2024.100424
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 1120 Download : 848

Most read articles by the same author(s)