Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Quasi-Solid Gel Electrolytes for Alkali Metal Battery Applications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01632-w
Jiahui Lu
Faculty of Science, Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Yingying Chen
Faculty of Science, Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Yaojie Lei
Faculty of Science, Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Pauline Jaumaux
Faculty of Science, Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Hao Tian
Faculty of Science, Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Guoxiu Wang
Faculty of Science, Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia

Corresponding Author: Guoxiu Wang

guoxiu.wang@uts.edu.au

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 194

Abstract

Alkali metal batteries (AMBs) have undergone substantial development in portable devices due to their high energy density and durable cycle performance. However, with the rising demand for smart wearable electronic devices, a growing focus on safety and durability becomes increasingly apparent. An effective strategy to address these increased requirements involves employing the quasi-solid gel electrolytes (QSGEs). This review focuses on the application of QSGEs in AMBs, emphasizing four types of gel electrolytes and their influence on battery performance and stability. First, self-healing gels are discussed to prolong battery life and enhance safety through self-repair mechanisms. Then, flexible gels are explored for their mechanical flexibility, making them suitable for wearable devices and flexible electronics. In addition, biomimetic gels inspired by natural designs are introduced for high-performance AMBs. Furthermore, biomass materials gels are presented, derived from natural biomaterials, offering environmental friendliness and biocompatibility. Finally, the perspectives and challenges for future developments are discussed in terms of enhancing the ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, and environmental stability of novel gel materials. The review underscores the significant contributions of these QSGEs in enhancing AMBs performance, including increased lifespan, safety, and adaptability, providing new insights and directions for future research and applications in the field.


Highlights:
1 This review explores the application of quasi-solid gel electrolytes (QSGEs) in alkali metal batteries (AMBs), emphasizing self-healing gels, flexible gels, biomimetic gels, and biomass gels. Each of these gel types brings unique advantages to the performance of AMBs.
2 This review outlines future research directions, including synthesizing advanced QSGEs, in situ characterization techniques, and theoretical simulations to better understand and optimize these materials. It identifies critical areas for investigation, guiding researchers to optimize QSGEs in AMBs and enhance their application.

Keywords

Alkali metal batteries Electrolyte polymer materials Quasi-solid gel Self-healing Flexible
Lu, Jiahui, Yingying Chen, Yaojie Lei, Pauline Jaumaux, Hao Tian, and Guoxiu Wang. 2025. “Quasi-Solid Gel Electrolytes for Alkali Metal Battery Applications”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (March):194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01632-w.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. H. Chen, W. Zhang, S. Yi, Z. Su, Z. Zhao et al., Zinc Iso-plating/stripping: toward a practical Zn powder anode with ultra-long life over 5600 h. Energy Environ. Sci. 17, 3146–3156 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EE04333A
  2. S. Liu, Z. Teng, H. Liu, T. Wang, G. Wang et al., A Ce-UiO-66 metal-organic framework-based graphene-embedded photocatalyst with controllable activation for solar ammonia fertilizer production. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202207026 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202207026
  3. J. Lu, P. Jaumaux, T. Wang, C. Wang, G. Wang, Recent progress in quasi-solid and solid polymer electrolytes for multivalent metal-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 9, 24175–24194 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA06606D
  4. J. Lu, T. Wang, J. Yang, X. Shen, H. Pang et al., Multifunctional self-assembled bio-interfacial layers for high-performance zinc metal anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202409838 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202409838
  5. J. Lu, J. Yang, Z. Zhang, C. Wang, J. Xu et al., Silk fibroin coating enables dendrite-free zinc anode for long-life aqueous zinc-ion batteries. ChemSusChem 15, e202200656 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202200656
  6. L. Ma, J. Tan, Y. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Yang et al., Boron-based high-performance lithium batteries: recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2300042 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202300042
  7. H.-F. Wang, L. Chen, H. Pang, S. Kaskel, Q. Xu, MOF-derived electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 1414–1448 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00906j
  8. X. Xiao, L. Zou, H. Pang, Q. Xu, Synthesis of micro/nanoscaled metal-organic frameworks and their direct electrochemical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 301–331 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00614d
  9. Z. Yao, Y. Kang, M. Hou, J. Huang, J. Zhang et al., Promoting homogeneous interfacial Li+ migration by using a facile N2 plasma strategy for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2111919 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111919
  10. X. Zhou, T. Wang, H. Liu, L. Zhang, C. Zhang et al., Design of S-scheme heterojunction catalyst based on structural defects for photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization application. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 433, 114162 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114162
  11. F. Liang, Y. Sun, Y. Yuan, J. Huang, M. Hou et al., Designing inorganic electrolytes for solid-state Li-ion batteries: a perspective of LGPS and garnet. Mater. Today 50, 418–441 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.013
  12. T. Wang, Y. Li, J. Zhang, K. Yan, P. Jaumaux et al., Immunizing lithium metal anodes against dendrite growth using protein molecules to achieve high energy batteries. Nat. Commun. 11, 5429 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19246-2
  13. P.G. Bruce, S.A. Freunberger, L.J. Hardwick, J.-M. Tarascon, Li–O2 and Li–S batteries with high energy storage. Nat. Mater. 11, 19–29 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3191
  14. J.-F. Ding, R. Xu, N. Yao, X. Chen, Y. Xiao et al., Non-solvating and low-dielectricity cosolvent for anion-derived solid electrolyte interphases in lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 11442–11447 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202101627
  15. V.M. Leal, J.S. Ribeiro, E.L.D. Coelho, M.B.J.G. Freitas, Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries as a sustainable solution to obtain raw materials for different applications. J. Energy Chem. 79, 118–134 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.08.005
  16. Z. Li, J. Fu, X. Zhou, S. Gui, L. Wei et al., Ionic conduction in polymer-based solid electrolytes. Adv. Sci. 10, 2201718 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202201718
  17. J. Zhang, B. Sun, Y. Zhao, A. Tkacheva, Z. Liu et al., A versatile functionalized ionic liquid to boost the solution-mediated performances of lithium-oxygen batteries. Nat. Commun. 10, 602 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08422-8
  18. F. Zhao, J. Xue, W. Shao, H. Yu, W. Huang et al., Toward high-sulfur-content, high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries: review of materials and technologies. J. Energy Chem. 80, 625–657 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.02.009
  19. K.-Y. Zhang, Z.-Y. Gu, E.H. Ang, J.-Z. Guo, X.-T. Wang et al., Advanced polyanionic electrode materials for potassium-ion batteries: progresses, challenges and application prospects. Mater. Today 54, 189–201 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2022.02.013
  20. J. Li, Z. Li, S. Tang, J. Hao, T. Wang et al., Improving the sodium storage performance of carbonaceous anode: synergistic coupling of pore structure and ordered domain engineering. Carbon 203, 469–478 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.014
  21. C. Tang, W. Lu, Y. Zhang, W. Zhang, C. Cui et al., Toward ultrahigh rate and cycling performance of cathode materials of sodium ion battery by introducing a bicontinuous porous structure. Adv. Mater. 36, e2402005 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202402005
  22. D. Lin, Y. Liu, Y. Cui, Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 194–206 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.16
  23. C. Wang, A.C. Thenuwara, J. Luo, P.P. Shetty, M.T. McDowell et al., Extending the low-temperature operation of sodium metal batteries combining linear and cyclic ether-based electrolyte solutions. Nat. Commun. 13, 4934 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32606-4
  24. Z. Bai, Q. Yao, M. Wang, W. Meng, S. Dou et al., Low-temperature sodium-ion batteries: challenges and progress. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2303788 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202303788
  25. F. Li, M. Hou, L. Zhao, D. Zhang, B. Yang et al., Electrolyte and interface engineering for solid-state sodium batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 65, 103181 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103181
  26. Y. Wang, J. Liu, X. Chen, B. Kang, H.-E. Wang et al., Structural engineering of tin sulfides anchored on nitrogen/phosphorus dual-doped carbon nanofibres in sodium/potassium-ion batteries. Carbon 189, 46–56 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.12.051
  27. Y. Xu, Q. Li, H. Xue, H. Pang, Metal-organic frameworks for direct electrochemical applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 376, 292–318 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2018.08.010
  28. S. Zheng, Q. Li, H. Xue, H. Pang, Q. Xu, A highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@metal–organic framework composite for high-performance electrochemical energy storage. Natl. Sci. Rev. 7, 305–314 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz137
  29. X. Feng, H. Fang, N. Wu, P. Liu, P. Jena et al., Review of modification strategies in emerging inorganic solid-state electrolytes for lithium, sodium, and potassium batteries. Joule 6, 543–587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.01.015
  30. H. Yin, C. Han, Q. Liu, F. Wu, F. Zhang et al., Recent advances and perspectives on the polymer electrolytes for sodium/potassium-ion batteries. Small 17, e2006627 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202006627
  31. W. Zhou, M. Zhang, X. Kong, W. Huang, Q. Zhang, Recent advance in ionic-liquid-based electrolytes for rechargeable metal-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 8, 2004490 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202004490
  32. H. Gao, L. Xue, S. Xin, J.B. Goodenough, A high-energy-density potassium battery with a polymer-gel electrolyte and a polyaniline cathode. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 5449–5453 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201802248
  33. M. Okoshi, Y. Yamada, S. Komaba, A. Yamada, H. Nakai, Theoretical analysis of interactions between potassium ions and organic electrolyte solvents: a comparison with lithium, sodium, and magnesium ions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164, A54–A60 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0211702jes
  34. R.M. de Souza, L.J. de Siqueira, M. Karttunen, L.G. Dias, Molecular dynamics simulations of polymer–ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate) ternary electrolyte for sodium and potassium ion batteries. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 60, 485–499 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00750
  35. H. Sun, P. Liang, G. Zhu, W.H. Hung, Y.Y. Li et al., A high-performance potassium metal battery using safe ionic liquid electrolyte. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 27847–27853 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012716117
  36. D. Hubble, D.E. Brown, Y. Zhao, C. Fang, J. Lau et al., Liquid electrolyte development for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 550–578 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee01789f
  37. H. Wang, Z. Yu, X. Kong, S.C. Kim, D.T. Boyle et al., Liquid electrolyte: the nexus of practical lithium metal batteries. Joule 6, 588–616 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.12.018
  38. S.S. Zhang, Liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur battery: fundamental chemistry, problems, and solutions. J. Power Sources 231, 153–162 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.102
  39. S. Cui, X. Wu, Y. Yang, M. Fei, S. Liu et al., Heterostructured gel polymer electrolyte enabling long-cycle quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 42–52 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02233
  40. Y. Du, Y. Xie, X. Liu, H. Jiang, F. Wu et al., In-situ formed phosphorus modified gel polymer electrolyte with good flame retardancy and cycling stability for rechargeable lithium batteries. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11, 4498–4508 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00077
  41. S. Fu, L.-L. Zuo, P.-S. Zhou, X.-J. Liu, Q. Ma et al., Recent advancements of functional gel polymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium–metal batteries. Mater. Chem. Front. 5, 5211–5232 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1qm00096a
  42. J. Qian, B. Jin, Y. Li, X. Zhan, Y. Hou et al., Research progress on gel polymer electrolytes for lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Energy Chem. 56, 420–437 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.08.026
  43. P. Hu, Y. Duan, D. Hu, B. Qin, J. Zhang et al., Rigid–flexible coupling high ionic conductivity polymer electrolyte for an enhanced performance of LiMn2O4/graphite battery at elevated temperature. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 4720–4727 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/am5083683
  44. G. Hu, C. Xu, Z. Sun, S. Wang, H.-M. Cheng et al., 3D graphene-foam–reduced-graphene-oxide hybrid nested hierarchical networks for high-performance Li–S batteries. Adv. Mater. 28, 1603–1609 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504765
  45. J.I. Kim, Y. Choi, K.Y. Chung, J.H. Park, A structurable gel-polymer electrolyte for sodium ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1701768 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201701768
  46. J. Bae, Y. Li, J. Zhang, X. Zhou, F. Zhao et al., A 3D nanostructured hydrogel-framework-derived high-performance composite polymer lithium-ion electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 2096–2100 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201710841
  47. T. Mendes, X. Zhang, Y. Wu, P.C. Howlett, M. Forsyth et al., Supported ionic liquid gel membrane electrolytes for a safe and flexible sodium metal battery. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 3722–3726 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06212
  48. Y. Lu, L. Lu, G. Qiu, C. Sun, Flexible quasi-solid-state sodium battery for storing pulse electricity harvested from triboelectric nanogenerators. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 39342–39351 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c12052
  49. T. Liu, K.-T. Liu, J. Wang, X. Ji, P. Lan et al., Achievement of a polymer-free KAc gel electrolyte for advanced aqueous K-ion battery. Energy Storage Mater. 41, 133–140 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.06.001
  50. N. Mittal, S. Tien, E. Lizundia, M. Niederberger, Hierarchical nanocellulose-based gel polymer electrolytes for stable Na electrodeposition in sodium ion batteries. Small 18, e2107183 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202107183
  51. S. Yang, X. He, T. Hu, Y. He, S. Lv et al., A supertough, nonflammable, biomimetic gel with neuron-like nanoskeleton for puncture-tolerant safe lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2304727 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202304727
  52. B. Yang, Y. Pan, T. Li, A. Hu, K. Li et al., High-safety lithium metal pouch cells for extreme abuse conditions by implementing flame-retardant perfluorinated gel polymer electrolytes. Energy Storage Mater. 65, 103124 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103124
  53. Y. Cui, J. Li, X. Yuan, J. Liu, H. Zhang et al., Emerging strategies for gel polymer electrolytes with improved dual-electrode side regulation mechanisms for lithium-sulfur batteries. Chem. Asian J. 17, e202200746 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202200746
  54. J. Pan, N. Wang, H.J. Fan, Gel polymer electrolytes design for Na-ion batteries. Small Meth. 6, 2201032 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202201032
  55. Q. Yang, N. Deng, B. Cheng, W. Kang, Gel polymer electrolytes in lithium batteries. Prog. Chem. 33, 2270–2282 (2021). https://doi.org/10.7536/pc201145
  56. N.A. Johari, T.I.T. Kudin, A.M.M. Ali, M.Z.A. Yahya, Electrochemical studies of composite cellulose acetate-based polymer gel electrolytes for proton batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci India, Sect A. 82, 49–52 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-012-0005-0
  57. A. Manuel Stephan, Review on gel polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Eur. Polym. J. 42, 21–42 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.09.017
  58. Q. Liu, B. Cai, S. Li, Q. Yu, F. Lv et al., Long-cycling and safe lithium metal batteries enabled by the synergetic strategy of ex situ anodic pretreatment and an in-built gel polymer electrolyte. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 7197–7204 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA02148B
  59. X. Feng, N. Deng, W. Yu, Z. Peng, D. Su et al., Review: application of bionic-structured materials in solid-state electrolytes for high-performance lithium metal batteries. ACS Nano 18, 15387–15415 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c02547
  60. Y. Zhang, D. Chen, W. He, J. Tan, Y. Yang et al., Bioinspired solid-state ion nanochannels: insight from channel fabrication and ion transport. Adv. Mater. Technol. 8, 2202014 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202202014
  61. T. Agnihotri, S. Ali Ahmed, E.B. Tamilarasan, R. Hasan, W.-N. Su et al., Transitioning towards asymmetric gel polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries: progress and prospects. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2311215 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202311215
  62. Q. Li, J. Chen, L. Fan, X. Kong, Y. Lu, Progress in electrolytes for rechargeable Li-based batteries and beyond. Green Energy Environ. 1, 18–42 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2016.04.006
  63. M. Zhu, J. Wu, Y. Wang, M. Song, L. Long et al., Recent advances in gel polymer electrolyte for high-performance lithium batteries. J. Energy Chem. 37, 126–142 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.12.013
  64. Q. Guo, Y. Han, H. Wang, S. Xiong, W. Sun et al., Flame retardant and stable Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3-supported ionic liquid gel polymer electrolytes for high safety rechargeable solid-state lithium metal batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 10334–10342 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b02693
  65. L. Han, C. Liao, Y. Liu, H. Yu, S. Zhang et al., Non-flammable sandwich-structured TPU gel polymer electrolyte without flame retardant addition for high performance lithium ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 52, 562–572 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.08.013
  66. M. Yang, F. Feng, Z. Shi, J. Guo, R. Wang et al., Facile design of asymmetric flame-retardant gel polymer electrolyte with excellent interfacial stability for sodium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 56, 611–620 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.043
  67. J. Zheng, Y. Yang, W. Li, X. Feng, W. Chen et al., Novel flame retardant rigid spirocyclic biphosphate based copolymer gel electrolytes for sodium ion batteries with excellent high-temperature performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 22962–22968 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA09490K
  68. T. Zhu, G. Liu, D. Chen, J. Chen, P. Qi et al., Constructing flame-retardant gel polymer electrolytes via multiscale free radical annihilating agents for Ni-rich lithium batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 50, 495–504 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.05.051
  69. Z. Du, Y. Su, Y. Qu, L. Zhao, X. Jia et al., A mechanically robust, biodegradable and high performance cellulose gel membrane as gel polymer electrolyte of lithium-ion battery. Electrochim. Acta 299, 19–26 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.173
  70. C. Fasciani, S. Panero, J. Hassoun, B. Scrosati, Novel configuration of poly(vinylidenedifluoride)-based gel polymer electrolyte for application in lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 294, 180–186 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.068
  71. A. Swiderska-Mocek, I. Karczewska, A. Gabryelczyk, M. Popławski, D. Czarnecka-Komorowska, Gel polymer electrolytes with talc as a natural mineral filler and a biodegradable polymer matrix in sodium-ion batteries. ChemPhysChem 24, e202300090 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202300090
  72. D. Wang, B. Jin, X. Yao, J. Huang, Y. Ren et al., Bio-inspired polydopamine-modified ZIF-90-supported gel polymer electrolyte for high-safety lithium metal batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 6, 11146–11156 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c01958
  73. Y.S. Zhu, S.Y. Xiao, M.X. Li, Z. Chang, F.X. Wang et al., Natural macromolecule based carboxymethyl cellulose as a gel polymer electrolyte with adjustable porosity for lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 288, 368–375 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.04.117
  74. Y. Jiang, Y. Song, X. Chen, H. Wang, L. Deng et al., In situ formed self-healable quasi-solid hybrid electrolyte network coupled with eutectic mixture towards ultra-long cycle life lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 52, 514–523 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.08.027
  75. Q. Li, Z. Zhang, Y. Li, H. Li, Z. Liu et al., Rapid self-healing gel electrolyte based on deep eutectic solvents for solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 49700–49708 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c12445
  76. C. Wang, R. Li, P. Chen, Y. Fu, X. Ma et al., Highly stretchable, non-flammable and Notch-insensitive intrinsic self-healing solid-state polymer electrolyte for stable and safe flexible lithium batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 9, 4758–4769 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta10745j
  77. L. Zhao, Y. Du, E. Zhao, C. Li, Z. Sun et al., Dynamic supramolecular polymer electrolyte to boost ion transport kinetics and interfacial stability for solid-state batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2214881 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202214881
  78. C.Y. Chan, Z. Wang, H. Jia, P.F. Ng, L. Chow et al., Recent advances of hydrogel electrolytes in flexible energy storage devices. J. Mater. Chem. A 9, 2043–2069 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA09500A
  79. Y. Guo, J. Bae, F. Zhao, G. Yu, Functional hydrogels for next-generation batteries and supercapacitors. Trends Chem. 1, 335–348 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2019.03.005
  80. H. Li, Z. Xu, J. Yang, J. Wang, S.-I. Hirano, Polymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium metal batteries. Sustain. Energy Fuels 4, 5469–5487 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0se01065k
  81. Y. Li, P. Ding, Y. Gu, S. Qian, Y. Pang et al., Self-healable gels in electrochemical energy storage devices. Nano Res. 17, 3302–3323 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6063-6
  82. E. Parvini, A. Hajalilou, M. Tavakoli, A bright future of hydrogels in flexible batteries and supercapacitors storage systems: a review. Int. J. Energy Res. 46, 13276–13307 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8149
  83. B. Zhou, T. Deng, C. Yang, M. Wang, H. Yan et al., Self-healing and recyclable polymer electrolyte enabled with boronic ester transesterification for stabilizing ion deposition. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2212005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202212005
  84. X. Lin, S. Xu, Y. Tong, X. Liu, Z. Liu et al., A self-healing polymerized-ionic-liquid-based polymer electrolyte enables a long lifespan and dendrite-free solid-state Li metal batteries at room temperature. Mater. Horiz. 10, 859–868 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2mh01289h
  85. S. Davino, D. Callegari, D. Pasini, M. Thomas, I. Nicotera et al., Cross-linked gel electrolytes with self-healing functionalities for smart lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 51941–51953 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c15011
  86. X. Zhu, Z. Fang, Q. Deng, Y. Zhou, X. Fu et al., Poly(ionic liquid)@PEGMA block polymer initiated microphase separation architecture in poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid-state polymer electrolyte for flexible and self-healing lithium batteries. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 10, 4173–4185 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c08306
  87. Y. Lin, X. Li, W. Zheng, Y. Gang, L. Liu et al., Effect of SiO2 microstructure on ionic transport behavior of self-healing composite electrolytes for sodium metal batteries. J. Membr. Sci. 672, 121442 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121442
  88. X. Fu, W.-H. Zhong, Biomaterials for high-energy lithium-based batteries: strategies, challenges, and perspectives. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1901774 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901774
  89. T. Xu, K. Liu, N. Sheng, M. Zhang, W. Liu et al., Biopolymer-based hydrogel electrolytes for advanced energy storage/conversion devices: properties, applications, and perspectives. Energy Storage Mater. 48, 244–262 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.03.013
  90. C.S. Anju, B. Kandasubramanian, Hydrogel as an advanced energy material for flexible batteries. Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater. 62, 359–383 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2022.2113893
  91. Z. Ji, L. Feng, Z. Zhu, X. Fu, W. Yang et al., Polymeric interface engineering in lithium-sulfur batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 455, 140462 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140462
  92. M. Jia, T. Li, D. Yang, L. Lu, L. Duan et al., Polymer electrolytes for lithium-sulfur batteries: progress and challenges. Batteries 9, 488 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9100488
  93. C. Li, L. Li, B. He, Y. Ling, J. Pu et al., Roadmap for flexible solid-state aqueous batteries: From materials engineering and architectures design to mechanical characterizations. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 148, 100671 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2022.100671
  94. Y. Liu, Q. Zeng, Z. Li, A. Chen, J. Guan et al., Recent development in topological polymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Adv. Sci. 10, e2206978 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202206978
  95. L. Zhang, H. Gao, G. Jin, S. Liu, J. Wu et al., Cellulose-based electrolytes for advanced lithium-ion batteries: recent advances and future perspectives. ChemNanoMat 8, e202200142 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202200142
  96. G. Lu, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, X. Du, Z. Lv et al., Trade-offs between ion-conducting and mechanical properties: the case of polyacrylate electrolytes. Carbon Energy 5, e287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.287
  97. Y. Wu, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Liu, Q. Chen et al., Advances and prospects of PVDF based polymer electrolytes. J. Energy Chem. 64, 62–84 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.04.007
  98. F. Mahdavian, A. Allahbakhsh, A.R. Bahramian, D. Rodrigue, M.K. Tiwari, Flexible polymer hydrogels for wearable energy storage applications. Adv. Mater. Technol. 8, 2202199 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202202199
  99. C.P. Teng, M.Y. Tan, J.P.W. Toh, Q.F. Lim, X. Wang et al., Advances in cellulose-based composites for energy applications. Materials 16, 3856 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103856
  100. M.S.M. Misenan, R. Hempelmann, M. Gallei, T. Eren, Phosphonium-based polyelectrolytes: preparation, properties, and usage in lithium-ion batteries. Polymers 15, 2920 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132920
  101. A. Shokrieh, A.H. Mirzaei, L. Mao, M.M. Shokrieh, Z. Wei, A review of the mechanical integrity and electrochemical performance of flexible lithium-ion batteries. Nano Res. 16, 12962–12982 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6211-z
  102. Y. Su, F. Xu, X. Zhang, Y. Qiu, H. Wang, Rational design of high-performance PEO/ceramic composite solid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 82 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01055-z
  103. Y. Meng, D. Zhou, R. Liu, Y. Tian, Y. Gao et al., Designing phosphazene-derivative electrolyte matrices to enable high-voltage lithium metal batteries for extreme working conditions. Nat. Energy 8, 1023–1033 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01339-z
  104. X. Meng, Y. Liu, M. Guan, J. Qiu, Z. Wang, A high-energy and safe lithium battery enabled by solid-state redox chemistry in a fireproof gel electrolyte. Adv. Mater. 34, 2201981 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202201981
  105. Q. Kang, Z. Zhuang, Y. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Li et al., Engineering the structural uniformity of gel polymer electrolytes via pattern-guided alignment for durable, safe solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 35, e2303460 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202303460
  106. C. Ding, Y. Liu, L.K. Ono, G. Tong, C. Zhang et al., Ion-regulating hybrid electrolyte interface for long-life and low N/P ratio lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 50, 417–425 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.05.035
  107. Z. Liu, K. Zhang, G. Huang, B. Xu, Y.L. Hong et al., Highly processable covalent organic framework gel electrolyte enabled by side-chain engineering for lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202110695 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202110695
  108. X. Gao, W. Yuan, Y. Yang, Y. Wu, C. Wang et al., High-performance and highly safe solvate ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte by rapid UV-curing for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 43397–43406 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13325
  109. J. Zheng, W. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Sun, W. Chen, Effects of flexible group length of phosphonate monomers on the performance of gel polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries with ultralong cycling life. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 10, 7158–7168 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c01531
  110. C.-D. Zhao, J.-Z. Guo, Z.-Y. Gu, X.-T. Wang, X.-X. Zhao et al., Flexible quasi-solid-state sodium-ion full battery with ultralong cycle life, high energy density and high-rate capability. Nano Res. 15, 925–932 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3577-7
  111. Y. Li, Z. Zhou, W. Deng, C. Li, X. Yuan et al., A superconcentrated water-in-salt hydrogel electrolyte for high-voltage aqueous potassium-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 8, 1451–1454 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001509
  112. H. Zhang, L. Qiao, M. Armand, Organic electrolyte design for rechargeable batteries: from lithium to magnesium. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202214054 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202214054
  113. D. Stuart-Fox, L. Ng, M.A. Elgar, K. Hölttä-Otto, G.E. Schröder-Turk et al., Bio-informed materials: three guiding principles for innovation informed by biology. Nat. Rev. Mater. 8, 565–567 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00590-w
  114. D. Nepal, S. Kang, K.M. Adstedt, K. Kanhaiya, M.R. Bockstaller et al., Hierarchically structured bioinspired nanocomposites. Nat. Mater. 22, 18–35 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-022-01384-1
  115. F. Zhang, T. Liao, C. Yan, Z. Sun, Bioinspired designs in active metal-based batteries. Nano Res. 17, 587–601 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6102-3
  116. X. Ni, J. Zhou, K. Long, P. Qing, T. Naren et al., Progress on application of covalent organic frameworks for advanced lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 67, 103295 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103295
  117. Z. Zhang, X. Yang, P. Li, Y. Wang, X. Zhao et al., Biomimetic dendrite-free multivalent metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 34, e2206970 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206970
  118. Y. Hu, L. Yu, T. Meng, S. Zhou, X. Sui et al., Hybrid ionogel electrolytes for advanced lithium secondary batteries: developments and challenges. Chem. Asian J. 17, e202200794 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202200794
  119. J. Hwang, K. Matsumoto, C.-Y. Chen, R. Hagiwara, Pseudo-solid-state electrolytes utilizing the ionic liquid family for rechargeable batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 5834–5863 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee02567h
  120. N. Chen, Y. Dai, Y. Xing, L. Wang, C. Guo et al., Biomimetic ant-nest ionogel electrolyte boosts the performance of dendrite-free lithium batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 10, 1660–1667 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE00988G
  121. Z. Wen, Y. Li, Z. Zhao, W. Qu, N. Chen et al., A leaf-like Al2O3-based quasi-solid electrolyte with a fast Li+ conductive interface for stable lithium metal anodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 7280–7287 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA02098B
  122. M. Yao, Q. Ruan, S. Pan, H. Zhang, S. Zhang, An ultrathin asymmetric solid polymer electrolyte with intensified ion transport regulated by biomimetic channels enabling wide-temperature high-voltage lithium-metal battery. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2203640 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203640
  123. W.J. Hyun, C.M. Thomas, N.S. Luu, M.C. Hersam, Layered heterostructure ionogel electrolytes for high-performance solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 33, e2007864 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202007864
  124. J. Li, T. Zhang, X. Hui, R. Zhu, Q. Sun et al., Competitive Li+ coordination in ionogel electrolytes for enhanced Li-ion transport kinetics. Adv. Sci. 10, 2300226 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202300226
  125. P. Zhai, W. He, C. Zeng, L. Li, W. Yang, Biomimetic plant-cell composite gel polymer electrolyte for boosting rate performance of lithium metal batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 451, 138414 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138414
  126. A. Li, X. Liao, H. Zhang, L. Shi, P. Wang et al., Nacre-inspired composite electrolytes for load-bearing solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 32, e1905517 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905517
  127. Y. Xu, L. Gao, X. Wu, S. Zhang, X. Wang et al., Porous composite gel polymer electrolyte with interfacial transport pathways for flexible quasi solid lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 23743–23750 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c04113
  128. A.E. Abdelmaoula, L. Du, L. Xu, Y. Cheng, A.A. Mahdy et al., Biomimetic brain-like nanostructures for solid polymer electrolytes with fast ion transport. Sci. China Mater. 65, 1476–1484 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1940-2
  129. Y. Liu, Q. Zeng, P. Chen, Z. Li, A. Chen et al., Modified MOF-based composite all-solid-state polymer electrolyte with improved comprehensive performance for dendrite-free Li-ion batteries. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 223, 2100325 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.202100325
  130. T. Hou, W. Xu, X. Pei, L. Jiang, O.M. Yaghi et al., Ionic conduction mechanism and design of metal–organic framework based quasi-solid-state electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 13446–13450 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c03710
  131. G. Lu, G. Meng, Q. Liu, L. Feng, J. Luo et al., Advanced strategies for solid electrolyte interface design with MOF materials. Adv. Powder Mater. 3, 100154 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmate.2023.100154
  132. D. Xu, D. Chao, H. Wang, Y. Gong, R. Wang et al., Flexible quasi-solid-state sodium-ion capacitors developed using 2D metal–organic-framework array as reactor. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1702769 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702769
  133. P. Dong, X. Zhang, W. Hiscox, J. Liu, J. Zamora et al., Toward high-performance metal-organic-framework-based quasi-solid-state electrolytes: tunable structures and electrochemical properties. Adv. Mater. 35, e2211841 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202211841
  134. J. Zhou, H. Ji, J. Liu, T. Qian, C. Yan, A new high ionic conductive gel polymer electrolyte enables highly stable quasi-solid-state lithium sulfur battery. Energy Storage Mater. 22, 256–264 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.01.024
  135. Z. Liu, W. Chen, F. Zhang, F. Wu, R. Chen et al., Hollow-ps quasi-solid-state electrolytes with biomimetic ion channels for high-performance lithium-metal batteries. Small 19, e2206655 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202206655
  136. Y. Zheng, N. Yang, R. Gao, Z. Li, H. Dou et al., “Tree-trunk” design for flexible quasi-solid-state electrolytes with hierarchical ion-channels enabling ultralong-life lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 34, e2203417 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202203417
  137. Y. Yan, Z. Liu, T. Wan, W. Li, Z. Qiu et al., Bioinspired design of Na-ion conduction channels in covalent organic frameworks for quasi-solid-state sodium batteries. Nat. Commun. 14, 3066 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38822-w
  138. X. He, Y. Ni, Y. Hou, Y. Lu, S. Jin et al., Insights into the ionic conduction mechanism of quasi-solid polymer electrolytes through multispectral characterization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 22672–22677 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202107648
  139. Y. Lu, L. Li, Q. Zhang, Z. Niu, J. Chen, Electrolyte and interface engineering for solid-state sodium batteries. Joule 2, 1747–1770 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.07.028
  140. Y. Dong, P. Wen, H. Shi, Y. Yu, Z.-S. Wu, Solid-state electrolytes for sodium metal batteries: recent status and future opportunities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2213584 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202213584
  141. W. Tian, Z. Li, L. Miao, Z. Sun, Q. Wang et al., Composite quasi-solid-state electrolytes with organic–inorganic interface engineering for fast ion transport in dendrite-free sodium metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 36, 2308586 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202308586
  142. H. Lu, J. Hu, X. Wei, K. Zhang, X. Xiao et al., A recyclable biomass electrolyte towards green zinc-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 14, 4435 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40178-0
  143. W. Yang, W. Yang, J. Zeng, Y. Chen, Y. Huang et al., Biopolymer-based gel electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage: advances and prospects. Prog. Mater. Sci. 144, 101264 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101264
  144. H. Dong, J. Li, S. Zhao, Y. Jiao, J. Chen et al., Investigation of a biomass hydrogel electrolyte naturally stabilizing cathodes for zinc-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 745–754 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20388
  145. S. Hadad, M. Hamrahjoo, E. Dehghani, M. Salami-Kalajahi, S.N. Eliseeva et al., Cellulose-based solid and gel polymer electrolytes with super high ionic conductivity and charge capacity for high performance lithium ion batteries. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 33, e00503 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2022.e00503
  146. S. Wang, L. Zhang, Q. Zeng, X. Liu, W.-Y. Lai et al., Cellulose microcrystals with brush-like architectures as flexible all-solid-state polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion battery. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 3200–3207 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06658
  147. H. Zhang, S. Wang, A. Wang, Y. Li, F. Yu et al., Polyethylene glycol-grafted cellulose-based gel polymer electrolyte for long-life Li-ion batteries. Appl. Surf. Sci. 593, 153411 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.153411
  148. L. Zhao, J. Fu, Z. Du, X. Jia, Y. Qu et al., High-strength and flexible cellulose/PEG based gel polymer electrolyte with high performance for lithium ion batteries. J. Membr. Sci. 593, 117428 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117428
  149. T.C. Nirmale, I. Karbhal, R.S. Kalubarme, M.V. Shelke, A.J. Varma et al., Facile synthesis of unique cellulose triacetate based flexible and high performance gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 34773–34782 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07020
  150. M.X. Li, X.W. Wang, Y.Q. Yang, Z. Chang, Y.P. Wu et al., A dense cellulose-based membrane as a renewable host for gel polymer electrolyte of lithium ion batteries. J. Membr. Sci. 476, 112–118 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.10.056
  151. F. Yu, H. Zhang, L. Zhao, Z. Sun, Y. Li et al., A flexible cellulose/methylcellulose gel polymer electrolyte endowing superior Li+ conducting property for lithium ion battery. Carbohydr. Polym. 246, 116622 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116622
  152. K. Liu, M. Liu, J. Cheng, S. Dong, C. Wang et al., Novel cellulose/polyurethane composite gel polymer electrolyte for high performance lithium batteries. Electrochim. Acta 215, 261–266 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.076
  153. M. Zhu, J. Lan, C. Tan, G. Sui, X. Yang, Degradable cellulose acetate/poly-L-lactic acid/halloysite nanotube composite nanofiber membranes with outstanding performance for gel polymer electrolytes. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 12136–12143 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA05207J
  154. C. Yang, Q. Wu, W. Xie, X. Zhang, A. Brozena et al., Copper-coordinated cellulose ion conductors for solid-state batteries. Nature 598, 590–596 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03885-6
  155. J. Chen, C. Luo, Y. Huang, J. Liu, C. Li et al., Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-based gel polymer electrolyte provides a fast migration channel for sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Sci. 57, 4311–4322 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06920-7
  156. Y. Huang, L. Zhang, J. Ji, C. Cai, Y. Fu, Temperature-dependent viscoelastic liquid MOFs based cellulose gel electrolyte for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries over an extensive temperature range. Energy Storage Mater. 64, 103065 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103065
  157. Y. Huang, Y. Wang, Y. Fu, All-cellulose gel electrolyte with black phosphorus based lithium ion conductors toward advanced lithium-sulfurized polyacrylonitrile batteries. Carbohydr. Polym. 296, 119950 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119950
  158. F. Zeng, Y. Sun, B. Hui, Y. Xia, Y. Zou et al., Three-dimensional porous alginate fiber membrane reinforced peo-based solid polymer electrolyte for safe and high-performance lithium ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 43805–43812 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c13039
  159. Y.-Y. Sun, Y.-Y. Wang, G.-R. Li, S. Liu, X.-P. Gao, Metalophilic gel polymer electrolyte for in situ tailoring cathode/electrolyte interface of high-nickel oxide cathodes in quasi-solid-state Li-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 14830–14839 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b02440
  160. J.-Y. Han, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, A.-M. Song, X.-H. Deng et al., High-performance gel polymer electrolyte based on chitosan–lignocellulose for lithium-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 7, 1213–1224 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202000007
  161. O. Sheng, C. Jin, T. Yang, Z. Ju, J. Luo et al., Designing biomass-integrated solid polymer electrolytes for safe and energy-dense lithium metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 2804–2824 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ee01173a
  162. Z. Liu, R. Wang, Q. Ma, H. Kang, L. Zhang et al., Application of cellulose-based hydrogel electrolytes in flexible batteries. Carbon Neutralization 1, 126–139 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/cnl2.20
  163. A. Song, Y. Huang, X. Zhong, H. Cao, B. Liu et al., Novel lignocellulose based gel polymer electrolyte with higher comprehensive performances for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery. J. Membr. Sci. 556, 203–213 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.04.003
  164. S. Ahmed, P. Sharma, S. Bairagi, N.P. Rumjit, S. Garg et al., Nature-derived polymers and their composites for energy depository applications in batteries and supercapacitors: advances, prospects and sustainability. J. Energy Storage 66, 107391 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107391
  165. H. Liu, Q. Zhou, Q. Xia, Y. Lei, X.L. Huang et al., Interface challenges and optimization strategies for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. J. Energy Chem. 77, 642–659 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.11.028
  166. S. Mahalingam, A. Nugroho, D. Floresyona, K.S. Lau, A. Manap et al., Bio and non-bio materials-based quasi-solid state electrolytes in DSSC: A review. Int. J. Energy Res. 46, 5399–5422 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7541
  167. M. Yan, W. Qu, Q. Su, S. Chen, Y. Xing et al., Biodegradable bacterial cellulose-supported quasi-solid electrolyte for lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 13950–13958 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c00621
  168. D. Wang, H. Xie, Q. Liu, K. Mu, Z. Song et al., Low-cost, high-strength cellulose-based quasi-solid polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202302767 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202302767
  169. J.R. Nair, F. Bella, N. Angulakshmi, A.M. Stephan, C. Gerbaldi, Nanocellulose-laden composite polymer electrolytes for high performing lithium–sulphur batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 3, 69–76 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2016.01.008
  170. D. Liu, G. Du, Y. Qi, Y. Niu, S.-J. Bao et al., Bacterial cellulose network based gel polymer electrolyte for quasi-solid-state sodium-ion battery. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 33, 15313–15322 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08395-3
  171. A. Arya, A.L. Sharma, Polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries: a critical study. Ionics 23, 497–540 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1908-6
  172. M. Forsyth, L. Porcarelli, X. Wang, N. Goujon, D. Mecerreyes, Innovative electrolytes based on ionic liquids and polymers for next-generation solid-state batteries. Acc. Chem. Res. 52, 686–694 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00566
  173. Y. Huang, L. Zhao, L. Li, M. Xie, F. Wu et al., Electrolytes and electrolyte/electrode interfaces in sodium-ion batteries: from scientific research to practical application. Adv. Mater. 31, e1808393 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808393
  174. S. Li, S.-Q. Zhang, L. Shen, Q. Liu, J.-B. Ma et al., Progress and perspective of ceramic/polymer composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries. Adv. Sci. 7, 1903088 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201903088
  175. K. Liu, Z. Wang, L. Shi, S. Jungsuttiwong, S. Yuan, Ionic liquids for high performance lithium metal batteries. J. Energy Chem. 59, 320–333 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.11.017
  176. L. Long, S. Wang, M. Xiao, Y. Meng, Polymer electrolytes for lithium polymer batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 10038–10069 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta02621d
  177. K.S. Ngai, S. Ramesh, K. Ramesh, J.C. Juan, A review of polymer electrolytes: fundamental, approaches and applications. Ionics 22, 1259–1279 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1756-4
  178. S. Tang, W. Guo, Y. Fu, Advances in composite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries and beyond. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2000802 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000802
  179. Y. Wang, W.-H. Zhong, Development of electrolytes towards achieving safe and high-performance energy-storage devices: a review. ChemElectroChem 2, 22–36 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201402277
  180. M. Watanabe, M.L. Thomas, S. Zhang, K. Ueno, T. Yasuda et al., Application of ionic liquids to energy storage and conversion materials and devices. Chem. Rev. 117, 7190–7239 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00504
  181. D. Zhou, D. Shanmukaraj, A. Tkacheva, M. Armand, G. Wang, Polymer electrolytes for lithium-based batteries: advances and prospects. Chem 5, 2326–2352 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2019.05.009
  182. Z. Wang, H. Li, Z. Tang, Z. Liu, Z. Ruan et al., Hydrogel electrolytes for flexible aqueous energy storage devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1804560 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201804560
  183. A.N. Singh, A. Meena, K.-W. Nam, Gels in motion: recent advancements in energy applications. Gels 10, 122 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10020122
  184. G. Du, D. Muhtar, J. Cao, Y. Zhang, G. Qian et al., Solid-state composite electrolytes: turning the natural moat into a thoroughfare. Mater. Chem. Front. 8, 1250–1281 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3qm00840a
  185. D. Ji, J. Kim, Trend of developing aqueous liquid and gel electrolytes for sustainable, safe, and high-performance Li-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01220-4
  186. C. Ma, W. Cui, X. Liu, Y. Ding, Y. Wang, In situ preparation of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries: progress and perspectives. InfoMat 4, e12232 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12232
  187. J. Xie, D. Lin, H. Lei, S. Wu, J. Li et al., Electrolyte and interphase engineering of aqueous batteries beyond “water-in-salt” strategy. Adv. Mater. 36, e2306508 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202306508
  188. J. Zou, T. Ben, Recent advances in porous polymers for solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries. Polymers 14, 4804 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14224804
  189. H. Cavers, P. Molaiyan, M. Abdollahifar, U. Lassi, A. Kwade, Perspectives on improving the safety and sustainability of high voltage lithium-ion batteries through the electrolyte and separator region. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2200147 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202200147
  190. S. Yamada, Recent progress in transient energy storage using biodegradable materials. Adv. Energy Sustain. Res. 4, 2300083 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202300083
  191. E. Lizundia, D. Kundu, Advances in natural biopolymer-based electrolytes and separators for battery applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2005646 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202005646
  192. J. Piątek, S. Afyon, T.M. Budnyak, S. Budnyk, M.H. Sipponen et al., Sustainable Li-ion batteries: chemistry and recycling. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2003456 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003456
  193. W. Schlemmer, J. Selinger, M.A. Hobisch, S. Spirk, Polysaccharides for sustainable energy storage–A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 265, 118063 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118063
  194. R. Singh, A.R. Polu, B. Bhattacharya, H.-W. Rhee, C. Varlikli et al., Perspectives for solid biopolymer electrolytes in dye sensitized solar cell and battery application. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 65, 1098–1117 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.026
  195. F. Baskoro, H.Q. Wong, H.-J. Yen, Strategic structural design of a gel polymer electrolyte toward a high efficiency lithium-ion battery. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2, 3937–3971 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b00295
  196. Y. Fu, L. Yang, M. Zhang, Z. Lin, Z. Shen, Recent advances in cellulose-based polymer electrolytes. Cellulose 29, 8997–9034 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04834-w
  197. K.D. Owensby, R. Sahore, W.-Y. Tsai, X.C. Chen, Understanding and controlling lithium morphology in solid polymer and gel polymer systems: mechanisms, strategies, and gaps. Mater. Adv. 4, 5867–5881 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MA00274H
  198. J. Xie, Q. Chen, H. Zhang, R. Song, T. Liu, Recent developments of nanocomposite ionogels as monolithic electrolyte membranes for lithium-based batteries. Battery Energy 3, 20230040 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20230040
  199. J. Zheng, W. Li, X. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Feng et al., Progress in gel polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Mater. 6, e12422 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12422
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 574 Download : 432

Most read articles by the same author(s)