Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Flexible Graphene Field-Effect Transistors and Their Application in Flexible Biomedical Sensing

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01534-x
Mingyuan Sun
Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Shuai Wang
Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Yanbo Liang
Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Chao Wang
Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Yunhong Zhang
Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Hong Liu
State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Yu Zhang
Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Lin Han
Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Lin Han

hanlin@sdu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 34

Abstract

Flexible electronics are transforming our lives by making daily activities more convenient. Central to this innovation are field-effect transistors (FETs), valued for their efficient signal processing, nanoscale fabrication, low-power consumption, fast response times, and versatility. Graphene, known for its exceptional mechanical properties, high electron mobility, and biocompatibility, is an ideal material for FET channels and sensors. The combination of graphene and FETs has given rise to flexible graphene field-effect transistors (FGFETs), driving significant advances in flexible electronics and sparked a strong interest in flexible biomedical sensors. Here, we first provide a brief overview of the basic structure, operating mechanism, and evaluation parameters of FGFETs, and delve into their material selection and patterning techniques. The ability of FGFETs to sense strains and biomolecular charges opens up diverse application possibilities. We specifically analyze the latest strategies for integrating FGFETs into wearable and implantable flexible biomedical sensors, focusing on the key aspects of constructing high-quality flexible biomedical sensors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and prospects of FGFETs and their applications in biomedical sensors. This review will provide valuable insights and inspiration for ongoing research to improve the quality of FGFETs and broaden their application prospects in flexible biomedical sensing.


Highlights:
1 The review provides a brief overview of the basic structure, operating mechanism, and key performance indicators of flexible graphene field-effect transistors.
2 The review details the preparation strategy of flexible graphene field-effect transistors focusing on material selection and patterning techniques.
3 The review analyzes the latest strategies for developing wearable and implantable flexible biomedical sensors based on flexible graphene field-effect transistors.

Keywords

Flexible Graphene Field-effect transistor Wearable Implantable Biosensor
Sun, Mingyuan, Shuai Wang, Yanbo Liang, Chao Wang, Yunhong Zhang, Hong Liu, Yu Zhang, and Lin Han. 2024. “Flexible Graphene Field-Effect Transistors and Their Application in Flexible Biomedical Sensing”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (October):34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01534-x.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. X. Xiao, B. Mu, G. Cao, Y. Yang, M. Wang, Flexible battery-free wireless electronic system for food monitoring. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices 7, 100430 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2022.100430
  2. R. Mondal, M. Al Mahadi Hasan, R. Zhang, H. Olin, Y. Yang, Nanogenerators-based self-powered sensors. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2200282 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202200282
  3. K. Liu, B. Ouyang, X. Guo, Y. Guo, Y. Liu, Advances in flexible organic field-effect transistors and their applications for flexible electronics. npj Flex. Electron. 6, 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-022-00133-3
  4. K. Meng, X. Xiao, W. Wei, G. Chen, A. Nashalian et al., Wearable pressure sensors for pulse wave monitoring. Adv. Mater. 34, 2109357 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202109357
  5. Z. Shi, L. Meng, X. Shi, H. Li, J. Zhang et al., Morphological engineering of sensing materials for flexible pressure sensors and artificial intelligence applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 141 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00874-w
  6. Z. Ma, X. Xiang, L. Shao, Y. Zhang, J. Gu, Multifunctional wearable silver nanowire decorated leather nanocomposites for Joule heating, electromagnetic interference shielding and piezoresistive sensing. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202200705 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202200705
  7. T. Sun, B. Feng, J. Huo, Y. Xiao, W. Wang et al., Artificial intelligence meets flexible sensors: emerging smart flexible sensing systems driven by machine learning and artificial synapses. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 14 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01235-x
  8. J. Wen, Y. Wu, Y. Gao, Q. Su, Y. Liu et al., Nanofiber composite reinforced organohydrogels for multifunctional and wearable electronics. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 174 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01148-9
  9. S.R. Madhvapathy, J.-J. Wang, H. Wang, M. Patel, A. Chang et al., Implantable bioelectronic systems for early detection of kidney transplant rejection. Science 381, 1105–1112 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adh7726
  10. A. Zhang, E.T. Mandeville, L. Xu, C.M. Stary, E.H. Lo et al., Ultraflexible endovascular probes for brain recording through micrometer-scale vasculature. Science 381, 306–312 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adh3916
  11. H. Jang, Y.J. Park, X. Chen, T. Das, M.-S. Kim et al., Graphene-based flexible and stretchable electronics. Adv. Mater. 28, 4184–4202 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504245
  12. H. Liu, H. Zhang, W. Han, H. Lin, R. Li et al., 3D printed flexible strain sensors: from printing to devices and signals. Adv. Mater. 33, e2004782 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004782
  13. S. Pyo, J. Lee, K. Bae, S. Sim, J. Kim, Recent progress in flexible tactile sensors for human-interactive systems: from sensors to advanced applications. Adv. Mater. 33, e2005902 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005902
  14. W. Zhao, H. Zhou, W. Li, M. Chen, M. Zhou et al., An environment-tolerant ion-conducting double-network composite hydrogel for high-performance flexible electronic devices. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 99 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01311-2
  15. Y.S. Rim, S.H. Bae, H. Chen, N. De Marco, Y. Yang, Recent progress in materials and devices toward printable and flexible sensors. Adv. Mater. 28, 4415–4440 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505118
  16. T. Cheng, Y. Zhang, W.-Y. Lai, W. Huang, Stretchable thin-film electrodes for flexible electronics with high deformability and stretchability. Adv. Mater. 27, 3349–3376 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405864
  17. S. Das, A. Sebastian, E. Pop, C.J. McClellan, A.D. Franklin et al., Transistors based on two-dimensional materials for future integrated circuits. Nat. Electron. 4, 786–799 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00670-1
  18. A. Daus, S. Vaziri, V. Chen, Ç. Köroğlu, R.W. Grady et al., High-performance flexible nanoscale transistors based on transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Electron. 4, 495–501 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00598-6
  19. X. Wang, Y. Liu, Q. Chen, Y. Yan, Z. Rao et al., Recent advances in stretchable field-effect transistors. J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 7796–7828 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01082d
  20. M.-Z. Li, S.-T. Han, Y. Zhou, Recent advances in flexible field-effect transistors toward wearable sensors. Adv. Intell. Syst. 2, 2000113 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000113
  21. M. Sedki, Y. Chen, A. Mulchandani, Non-carbon 2D materials-based field-effect transistor biosensors: recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Sensors (Basel) 20, 4811 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174811
  22. J. Liu, L. Zhang, K. Wang, C. Jiang, C. Zhang et al., Adaptive interfacial contact between copper nanops and triazine functionalized graphdiyne substrate for improved lithium/sodium storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2305254 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305254
  23. Q. Zhang, T. Jin, X. Ye, D. Geng, W. Chen et al., Organic field effect transistor-based photonic synapses: materials, devices, and applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2106151 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202106151
  24. Y. Yan, Y. Zhao, Y. Liu, Recent progress in organic field-effect transistor-based integrated circuits. J. Polym. Sci. 60, 311–327 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.20210457
  25. S. Tiwari, A.K. Singh, L. Joshi, P. Chakrabarti, W. Takashima et al., Poly-3-hexylthiophene based organic field-effect transistor: detection of low concentration of ammonia. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 171, 962–968 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.06.010
  26. L. Vijayan, A. Thomas, K.S. Kumar, K.B. Jinesh, Low power organic field effect transistors with copper phthalocyanine as active layer. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices 3, 348–352 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2018.08.002
  27. B.S. Bhardwaj, T. Sugiyama, N. Namba, T. Umakoshi, T. Uemura et al., Orientation analysis of pentacene molecules in organic field-effect transistor devices using polarization-dependent Raman spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 9, 15149 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51647-2
  28. P. Hu, X. He, H. Jiang, Greater than 10 cm2 V−1 s−1: a breakthrough of organic semiconductors for field-effect transistors. InfoMat 3, 613–630 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12188
  29. X. Huang, P. Sheng, Z. Tu, F. Zhang, J. Wang et al., A two-dimensional π-d conjugated coordination polymer with extremely high electrical conductivity and ambipolar transport behaviour. Nat. Commun. 6, 7408 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8408
  30. Q. Burlingame, M. Ball, Y.-L. Loo, It’s time to focus on organic solar cell stability. Nat. Energy 5, 947–949 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00732-2
  31. S. Qin, S. Xiang, B. Eberle, K. Xie, J.C. Grunlan, High moisture barrier with synergistic combination of SiOx and polyelectrolyte nanolayers. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 6, 1900740 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201900740
  32. A.H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N.M.R. Peres, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109–162 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.81.109
  33. T. Ando, The electronic properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes. npg Asia Mater. 1, 17–21 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/asiamat.2009.1
  34. F. Schwierz, Graphene transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 487–496 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.89
  35. B.V. Krsihna, S. Ravi, M.D. Prakash, Recent developments in graphene based field effect transistors. Mater. Today Proc. 45, 1524–1528 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.678
  36. T. Sattar, Current review on synthesis, composites and multifunctional properties of graphene. Top. Curr. Chem. 377, 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-019-0235-6
  37. A.M. Pinto, I.C. Gonçalves, F.D. Magalhães, Graphene-based materials biocompatibility: a review. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 188–202 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.05.022
  38. Z. Gao, G. Wu, Y. Song, H. Li, Y. Zhang et al., Multiplexed monitoring of neurochemicals via electrografting-enabled site-selective functionalization of aptamers on field-effect transistors. Anal. Chem. 94, 8605–8617 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05531
  39. A. Edgar Jimenez-Cervantes, L.B. Juventino, M.H. Ana Laura, V.S. Carlos, in Graphene-Based Materials Functionalization with Natural Polymeric Biomolecules. ed. by N. Pramoda Kumar (Rijeka, IntechOpen, 2016), p.257
  40. A. Šolajić, J. Pešić, R. Gajić, Optical and mechanical properties and electron–phonon interaction in graphene doped with metal atoms. Opt. Quantum Electron. 52, 182 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02300-0
  41. D.G. Papageorgiou, I.A. Kinloch, R.J. Young, Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites. Prog. Mater. Sci. 90, 75–127 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.07.004
  42. S. Sreejith, J. Ajayan, J.M. Radhika, B. Sivasankari, S. Tayal et al., A comprehensive review on graphene FET bio-sensors and their emerging application in DNA/RNA sensing & rapid Covid-19 detection. Measurement 206, 112202 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.112202
  43. S. Wang, X. Qi, D. Hao, R. Moro, Y. Ma et al., Review—recent advances in graphene-based field-effect-transistor biosensors: a review on biosensor designing strategy. J. Electrochem. Soc. 169, 027509 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4f24
  44. Y. Wang, A. Keinonen, S. Koskenmies, S. Pitkänen, N. Fyhrquist et al., Occurrence of newly discovered human polyomaviruses in skin of liver transplant recipients and their relation with squamous cell carcinoma in situ and actinic keratosis - a single-center cohort study. Transpl. Int. 32, 516–522 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13397
  45. A. Bhardwaj, J. Kaur, M. Wuest, F. Wuest, In situ click chemistry generation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Nat. Commun. 8, 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-016-0009-6
  46. L. Zuccaro, C. Tesauro, T. Kurkina, P. Fiorani, H.K. Yu et al., Real-time label-free direct electronic monitoring of topoisomerase enzyme binding kinetics on graphene. ACS Nano 9, 11166–11176 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b05709
  47. M. Gobbi, A. Galanti, M.-A. Stoeckel, B. Zyska, S. Bonacchi et al., Graphene transistors for real-time monitoring molecular self-assembly dynamics. Nat. Commun. 11, 4731 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18604-4
  48. A.G. Santos, G.O. da Rocha, J.B. de Andrade, Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne ps. Sci. Rep. 9, 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37186-2
  49. R. Hajian, S. Balderston, T. Tran, T. DeBoer, J. Etienne et al., Detection of unamplified target genes via CRISPR-Cas9 immobilized on a graphene field-effect transistor. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3, 427–437 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-019-0371-x
  50. Z. Gao, H. Xia, J. Zauberman, M. Tomaiuolo, J. Ping et al., Detection of sub-fM DNA with target recycling and self-assembly amplification on graphene field-effect biosensors. Nano Lett. 18, 3509–3515 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00572
  51. M.T. Hwang, M. Heiranian, Y. Kim, S. You, J. Leem et al., Ultrasensitive detection of nucleic acids using deformed graphene channel field effect biosensors. Nat. Commun. 11, 1543 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15330-9
  52. X. Wang, Z. Hao, T.R. Olsen, W. Zhang, Q. Lin, Measurements of aptamer-protein binding kinetics using graphene field-effect transistors. Nanoscale 11, 12573–12581 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02797a
  53. C. Chan, J. Shi, Y. Fan, M. Yang, A microfluidic flow-through chip integrated with reduced graphene oxide transistor for influenza virus gene detection. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 251, 927–933 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.05.147
  54. N.I. Khan, M. Mousazadehkasin, S. Ghosh, J.G. Tsavalas, E. Song, An integrated microfluidic platform for selective and real-time detection of thrombin biomarkers using a graphene FET. Analyst 145, 4494–4503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0an00251h
  55. W. Shi, Y. Guo, Y. Liu, When flexible organic field-effect transistors meet biomimetics: a prospective view of the Internet of Things. Adv. Mater. 32, e1901493 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901493
  56. D.-M. Sun, C. Liu, W.-C. Ren, H.-M. Cheng, A review of carbon nanotube- and graphene-based flexible thin-film transistors. Small 9, 1188–1205 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201203154
  57. B.K. Sharma, J.-H. Ahn, Graphene based field effect transistors: efforts made towards flexible electronics. Solid State Electron. 89, 177–188 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2013.08.007
  58. J. Ning, Y. Wang, X. Feng, B. Wang, J. Dong et al., Flexible field-effect transistors with a high on/off current ratio based on large-area single-crystal graphene. Carbon 163, 417–424 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.03.040
  59. R. Furlan de Oliveira, P.A. Livio, V. Montes-García, S. Ippolito, M. Eredia et al., Liquid-gated transistors based on reduced graphene oxide for flexible and wearable electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1905375 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905375
  60. B.J. Kim, H. Jang, S.-K. Lee, B.H. Hong, J.-H. Ahn et al., High-performance flexible graphene field effect transistors with ion gel gate dielectrics. Nano Lett. 10, 3464–3466 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl101559n
  61. S.-K. Lee, B.J. Kim, H. Jang, S.C. Yoon, C. Lee et al., Stretchable graphene transistors with printed dielectrics and gate electrodes. Nano Lett. 11, 4642–4646 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202134z
  62. L.-W. Tsai, N.-H. Tai, Enhancing the electrical properties of a flexible transparent graphene-based field-effect transistor using electropolished copper foil for graphene growth. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 10489–10496 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am502020s
  63. Q. He, H.G. Sudibya, Z. Yin, S. Wu, H. Li et al., Centimeter-long and large-scale micropatterns of reduced graphene oxide films: fabrication and sensing applications. ACS Nano 4, 3201–3208 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn100780v
  64. B.J. Kim, S.-K. Lee, M.S. Kang, J.-H. Ahn, J.H. Cho, Coplanar-gate transparent graphene transistors and inverters on plastic. ACS Nano 6, 8646–8651 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3020486
  65. Q. Sun, W. Seung, B.J. Kim, S. Seo, S.W. Kim et al., Active matrix electronic skin strain sensor based on piezopotential-powered graphene transistors. Adv. Mater. 27, 3411–3417 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500582
  66. T.Q. Trung, S. Ramasundaram, B.U. Hwang, N.E. Lee, An all-elastomeric transparent and stretchable temperature sensor for body-attachable wearable electronics. Adv. Mater. 28, 502–509 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504441
  67. A. Paul, N. Yogeswaran, R. Dahiya, Ultra-flexible biodegradable pressure sensitive field effect transistors for hands-free control of robot movements. Adv. Intell. Syst. 4, 2200183 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200183
  68. Z. Hao, Y. Luo, C. Huang, Z. Wang, G. Song et al., An intelligent graphene-based biosensing device for cytokine storm syndrome biomarkers detection in human biofluids. Small 17, e2101508 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202101508
  69. J. Jang, J. Kim, H. Shin, Y.G. Park, B.J. Joo et al., Smart contact lens and transparent heat patch for remote monitoring and therapy of chronic ocular surface inflammation using mobiles. Sci. Adv. 7, eabf7194 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf7194
  70. B.M. Blaschke, N. Tort-Colet, A. Guimerà-Brunet, J. Weinert, L. Rousseau et al., Mapping brain activity with flexible graphene micro-transistors. 2D Mater. 4, 025040 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa5eff
  71. M. Du, X. Xu, L. Yang, Y. Guo, S. Guan et al., Simultaneous surface and depth neural activity recording with graphene transistor-based dual-modality probes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 105, 109–115 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.027
  72. A. Ganguli, V. Faramarzi, A. Mostafa, M.T. Hwang, S. You et al., High sensitivity graphene field effect transistor-based detection of DNA amplification. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2001031 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202001031
  73. X. Dong, Y. Shi, W. Huang, P. Chen, L.-J. Li, Electrical detection of DNA hybridization with single-base specificity using transistors based on CVD-grown graphene sheets. Adv. Mater. 22, 1649–1653 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903645
  74. B. Cai, L. Huang, H. Zhang, Z. Sun, Z. Zhang et al., Gold nanops-decorated graphene field-effect transistor biosensor for femtomolar microRNA detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 74, 329–334 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.068
  75. P. Heremans, A.K. Tripathi, A. de Jamblinne, E.C. de Meux, B.H. Smits et al., Mechanical and electronic properties of thin-film transistors on plastic, and their integration in flexible electronic applications. Adv. Mater. 28, 4266–4282 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504360
  76. G. Ding, H. Chen, Z. Yu, N. Liu, M. Wang, Fabricating ultra-flexible photodetectors at the neutral mechanical plane by encapsulation. J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 4070–4076 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC05042C
  77. K.S.V.I. NovoselovFal’ko, L. Colombo, P.R. Gellert, M.G. Schwab et al., A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490, 192–200 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11458
  78. S.B. Jo, J. Park, W.H. Lee, K. Cho, B.H. Hong, Large-area graphene synthesis and its application to interface-engineered field effect transistors. Solid State Commun. 152, 1350–1358 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2012.04.056
  79. M. Dankerl, M.V. Hauf, A. Lippert, L.H. Hess, S. Birner et al., Graphene solution-gated field-effect transistor array for sensing applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 3117–3124 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201000724
  80. J.-B. Wang, Z. Ren, Y. Hou, X.-L. Yan, P.-Z. Liu et al., A review of graphene synthesisatlow temperatures by CVD methods. New Carbon Mater. 35, 193–208 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(20)60484-X
  81. M. Saeed, Y. Alshammari, S.A. Majeed, E. Al-Nasrallah, Chemical vapour deposition of graphene-synthesis, characterisation, and applications: a review. Molecules 25, 3856 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173856
  82. M.H. Ani, M.A. Kamarudin, A.H. Ramlan, E. Ismail, M.S. Sirat et al., A critical review on the contributions of chemical and physical factors toward the nucleation and growth of large-area graphene. J. Mater. Sci. 53, 7095–7111 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-1994-0
  83. X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah et al., Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324, 1312–1314 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171245
  84. N. Petrone, I. Meric, J. Hone, K.L. Shepard, Graphene field-effect transistors with gigahertz-frequency power gain on flexible substrates. Nano Lett. 13, 121–125 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl303666m
  85. S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J.S. Park et al., Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 574–578 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.132
  86. A. Brakat, H. Zhu, Nanocellulose-graphene hybrids: advanced functional materials as multifunctional sensing platform. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 94 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00627-1
  87. F. Bonaccorso, A. Lombardo, T. Hasan, Z. Sun, L. Colombo et al., Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals. Mater. Today 15, 564–589 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(13)70014-2
  88. V.H. Pham, T.V. Cuong, S.H. Hur, E.W. Shin, J.S. Kim et al., Fast and simple fabrication of a large transparent chemically-converted graphene film by spray-coating. Carbon 48, 1945–1951 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.062
  89. D.-Y. Kim, S. Sinha-Ray, J.-J. Park, J.-G. Lee, Y.-H. Cha et al., Self-healing reduced graphene oxide films by supersonic kinetic spraying. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 4986–4995 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201400732
  90. S. Wang, P.K. Ang, Z. Wang, A.L. Tang, J.T. Thong et al., High mobility, printable, and solution-processed graphene electronics. Nano Lett. 10, 92–98 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl9028736
  91. Q. He, S. Wu, S. Gao, X. Cao, Z. Yin et al., Transparent, flexible, all-reduced graphene oxide thin film transistors. ACS Nano 5, 5038–5044 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn201118c
  92. T.Q. Trung, N.T. Tien, D. Kim, M. Jang, O.J. Yoon et al., A flexible reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor for ultrasensitive strain sensing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 117–124 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201301845
  93. R. Stine, J.T. Robinson, P.E. Sheehan, C.R. Tamanaha, Real-time DNA detection using reduced graphene oxide field effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 22, 5297–5300 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201002121
  94. S.-K. Lee, K. Rana, J.-H. Ahn, Graphene films for flexible organic and energy storage devices. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 831–841 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400005k
  95. D.A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, E.J. Zimney, R.D. Piner, G.H.B. Dommett et al., Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature 448, 457–460 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06016
  96. Z.-D. Huang, B. Zhang, R. Liang, Q.-B. Zheng, S.W. Oh et al., Effects of reduction process and carbon nanotube content on the supercapacitive performance of flexible graphene oxide papers. Carbon 50, 4239–4251 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.05.006
  97. X. Huang, C. Zhi, P. Jiang, D. Golberg, Y. Bando et al., Temperature-dependent electrical property transition of graphene oxide paper. Nanotechnology 23, 455705 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/45/455705
  98. J.-I. Fujita, R. Ueki, T. Nishijima, Y. Miyazawa, Characteristics of graphene FET directly transformed from a resist pattern through interfacial graphitization of liquid Gallium. Microelectron. Eng. 88, 2524–2526 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.01.014
  99. Y. Huang, S. Yin, Y. Huang, X. Zhang, W. Zhang et al., Graphene oxide/hexylamine superlattice field-effect biochemical sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2010563 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202010563
  100. R. Zhang, Y. Jia, A disposable printed liquid gate graphene field effect transistor for a salivary cortisol test. ACS Sens. 6, 3024–3031 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c00949
  101. M.A. Monne, P.M. Grubb, H. Stern, H. Subbaraman, R.T. Chen et al., Inkjet-printed graphene-based 1 × 2 phased array antenna. Micromachines 11, 863 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11090863
  102. K.R. Paton, E. Varrla, C. Backes, R.J. Smith, U. Khan et al., Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nat. Mater. 13, 624–630 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3944
  103. E.B. Secor, P.L. Prabhumirashi, K. Puntambekar, M.L. Geier, M.C. Hersam, Inkjet printing of high conductivity, flexible graphene patterns. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 1347–1351 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400644c
  104. L. Nayak, S. Mohanty, A. Ramadoss, A green approach to water-based graphene ink with reverse coffee ring effect. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 32, 7431–7442 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05456-x
  105. F. Torrisi, T. Hasan, W. Wu, Z. Sun, A. Lombardo et al., Inkjet-printed graphene electronics. ACS Nano 6, 2992–3006 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2044609
  106. S.K. Ameri, P.K. Singh, A.J. D’Angelo, M.J. Panzer, S.R. Sonkusale, Flexible 3D graphene transistors with ionogel dielectric for low-voltage operation and high current carrying capacity. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2, 1500355 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201500355
  107. S. Park, S.H. Shin, M.N. Yogeesh, A.L. Lee, S. Rahimi et al., Extremely high-frequency flexible graphene thin-film transistors. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 37, 512–515 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2016.2535484
  108. S Park, W. Zhu, H.-Y. Chang, M.N. Yogeesh, R. Ghosh et al., High-frequency prospects of 2D nanomaterials for flexible nanoelectronics from baseband to sub-THz devices. 2015 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM). December 7-9, 2015, Washington, DC, USA. IEEE, (2015). 32.1.1–32.1.4
  109. D. Kireev, I. Zadorozhnyi, T. Qiu, D. Sarik, F. Brings et al., Graphene field effect transistors for in vitro and ex vivo recordings. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2016.2639028
  110. Z. Hao, C. Huang, C. Zhao, A. Kospan, Z. Wang et al., Ultrasensitive graphene-based nanobiosensor for rapid detection of hemoglobin in undiluted biofluids. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 5, 1624–1632 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.2c00031
  111. N. Schaefer, R. Garcia-Cortadella, J. Martínez-Aguilar, G. Schwesig, X. Illa et al., Multiplexed neural sensor array of graphene solution-gated field-effect transistors. 2D Mater. 7, 025046 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab7976
  112. S. Kanaparthi, S. Badhulika, Solvent-free fabrication of a biodegradable all-carbon paper based field effect transistor for human motion detection through strain sensing. Green Chem. 18, 3640–3646 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC00368K
  113. X. You, J.J. Pak, Graphene-based field effect transistor enzymatic glucose biosensor using silk protein for enzyme immobilization and device substrate. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 202, 1357–1365 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.04.079
  114. X. You, J.J. Pak, Silk stabilized graphene FET enzymatic glucose biosensor. 2013 Transducers & Eurosensors XXVII: The 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS & EUROSENSORS XXVII). June 16–20, 2013, Barcelona, Spain. IEEE, (2013)., 2443–2446.
  115. C.A. Tseng, C.C. Chen, R.K. Ulaganathan, C.P. Lee, H.C. Chiang et al., One-step synthesis of antioxidative graphene-wrapped copper nanops on flexible substrates for electronic and electrocatalytic applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 25067–25072 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b06490
  116. Z. Sun, Z. Liu, J. Li, G.-A. Tai, S.-P. Lau et al., Infrared photodetectors based on CVD-grown graphene and PbS quantum dots with ultrahigh responsivity. Adv. Mater. 24, 5878–5883 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202220
  117. C.H. Yeh, Y.W. Lain, Y.C. Chiu, C.H. Liao, D.R. Moyano et al., Gigahertz flexible graphene transistors for microwave integrated circuits. ACS Nano 8, 7663–7670 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5036087
  118. Q. Chen, T. Sun, X. Song, Q. Ran, C. Yu et al., Flexible electrochemical biosensors based on graphene nanowalls for the real-time measurement of lactate. Nanotechnology 28, 315501 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa78bc
  119. G. Fisichella, S.L. Verso, S. Di Marco, V. Vinciguerra, E. Schilirò et al., Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 8, 467–474 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.50
  120. J. Liu, G. Zong, L. He, Y. Zhang, C. Liu et al., Effects of fumed and mesoporous silica nanops on the properties of sylgard 184 polydimethylsiloxane. Micromachines 6, 855–864 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6070855
  121. Y. Su, C. Ma, J. Chen, H. Wu, W. Luo et al., Printable, highly sensitive flexible temperature sensors for human body temperature monitoring: a review. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 15, 200 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-020-03428-4
  122. I. Klammer, M.C. Hofmann, A. Buchenauer, W. Mokwa, U. Schnakenberg, Long-term stability of PDMS-based microfluidic systems used for biocatalytic reactions. J. Micromech. Microeng. 16, 2425–2428 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/16/11/025
  123. J.N. Lee, C. Park, G.M. Whitesides, Solvent compatibility of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic devices. Anal. Chem. 75, 6544–6554 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0346712
  124. J.-E. Lim, S.-M. Lee, S.-S. Kim, T.-W. Kim, H.-W. Koo et al., Brush-paintable and highly stretchable Ag nanowire and PEDOT: PSS hybrid electrodes. Sci. Rep. 7, 14685 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14951-3
  125. Y. Moser, M.A.M. Gijs, Miniaturized flexible temperature sensor. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 16, 1349–1354 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2007.908437
  126. B. Rubehn, T. Stieglitz, In vitro evaluation of the long-term stability of polyimide as a material for neural implants. Biomaterials 31, 3449–3458 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.053
  127. D. Zhang, C. Jiang, J. Tong, X. Zong, W. Hu, Flexible strain sensor based on layer-by-layer self-assembled graphene/polymer nanocomposite membrane and its sensing properties. J. Electron. Mater. 47, 2263–2270 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-6052-1
  128. H. Choi, J.S. Choi, J.S. Kim, J.H. Choe, K.H. Chung et al., Flexible and transparent gas molecule sensor integrated with sensing and heating graphene layers. Small 10, 3685–3691 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201400434
  129. W.-K. Lee, K.E. Whitener Jr., J.T. Robinson, T.J. O’Shaughnessy, P.E. Sheehan, Transferring electronic devices with hydrogenated graphene. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 6, 1801974 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801974
  130. P. Sahatiya, S. Badhulika, Wireless, smart, human motion monitoring using solution processed fabrication of graphene–MoS2 transistors on paper. Adv. Electron. Mater. 4, 1700388 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700388
  131. K.-A. Son, B. Yang, H.-C. Seo, D. Wong, J.S. Moon et al., High-speed graphene field effect transistors on microbial cellulose biomembrane. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 16, 239–244 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2017.2658443
  132. L. Lan, J. Ping, J. Xiong, Y. Ying, Sustainable natural bio-origin materials for future flexible devices. Adv. Sci. 9, e2200560 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202200560
  133. T.Q. Trung, S. Ramasundaram, S.W. Hong, N.-E. Lee, Flexible and transparent nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide and P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer for high thermal responsivity in a field-effect transistor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 3438–3445 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201304224
  134. X. Yang, A. Vorobiev, J. Yang, K. Jeppson, J. Stake, A linear-array of 300-GHz antenna integrated GFET detectors on a flexible substrate. IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 10, 554–557 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2020.2997599
  135. J.W. Shin, M.H. Kang, S. Oh, B.C. Yang, K. Seong et al., Atomic layer deposited high-k dielectric on graphene by functionalization through atmospheric plasma treatment. Nanotechnology 29, 195602 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aab0fb
  136. Y. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Zhang, W. Li, X. Huo et al., High mobility flexible graphene field-effect transistors and ambipolar radio-frequency circuits. Nanoscale 7, 10954–10962 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR02292D
  137. H.-Y. Chang, S. Yang, J. Lee, L. Tao, W.-S. Hwang et al., High-performance, highly bendable MoS2 transistors with high-k dielectrics for flexible low-power systems. ACS Nano 7, 5446–5452 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn401429w
  138. S.-H. Jen, J.A. Bertrand, S.M. George, Critical tensile and compressive strains for cracking of Al2O3 films grown by atomic layer deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 109, 084305 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3567912
  139. B. Wang, W. Huang, L. Chi, M. Al-Hashimi, T.J. Marks et al., High- k gate dielectrics for emerging flexible and stretchable electronics. Chem. Rev. 118, 5690–5754 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00045
  140. Q.-K. Feng, S.-L. Zhong, J.-Y. Pei, Y. Zhao, D.-L. Zhang et al., Recent progress and future prospects on all-organic polymer dielectrics for energy storage capacitors. Chem. Rev. 122, 3820–3878 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00793
  141. S. Wang, C. Yang, X. Li, H. Jia, S. Liu et al., Polymer-based dielectrics with high permittivity and low dielectric loss for flexible electronics. J. Mater. Chem. C 10, 6196–6221 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TC00193D
  142. A. Sanne, H.C.P. Movva, S. Kang, C. McClellan, C.M. Corbet et al., Poly(methyl methacrylate) as a self-assembled gate dielectric for graphene field-effect transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 083106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4866338
  143. S. Park, H.-Y. Chang, S. Rahimi, A.L. Lee, L. Tao et al., Transparent nanoscale polyimide gate dielectric for highly flexible electronics. Adv. Electron. Mater. 4, 1700043 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700043
  144. I.-Y. Lee, H.-Y. Park, J.-H. Park, G. Yoo, M.-H. Lim et al., Poly-4-vinylphenol and poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde)-based graphene passivation method for flexible, wearable and transparent electronics. Nanoscale 6, 3830–3836 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr06517k
  145. J.G. Oh, K. Pak, C.S. Kim, J.H. Bong, W.S. Hwang et al., A high-performance top-gated graphene field-effect transistor with excellent flexibility enabled by an iCVD copolymer gate dielectric. Small 14, 1703035 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703035
  146. F. Chen, J. Xia, D.K. Ferry, N. Tao, Dielectric screening enhanced performance in graphene FET. Nano Lett. 9, 2571–2574 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl900725u
  147. P.A. Flores-Silva, C. Borja-Hernández, C. Magaña, D.R. Acosta, A.R. Botello-Méndez et al., Graphene field effect transistors using TiO2 as the dielectric layer. Phys. E Low Dimension. Syst. Nanostruct. 124, 114282 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2020.114282
  148. I. Alam, S. Subudhi, S. Das, M. Mandal, S. Patra et al., Graphene-based field-effect transistor using gated highest-k ferroelectric thin film. Solid State Commun. 371, 115258 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2023.115258
  149. J. Wen, C. Yan, Z. Sun, 2D electronics: the application of a high-κ polymer dielectric in graphene transistors. Adv. Electron. Mater. 6, 2070031 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202070031
  150. C. Jang, S. Adam, J.H. Chen, E.D. Williams, S. Das Sarma et al., Tuning the effective fine structure constant in graphene: opposing effects of dielectric screening on short- and long-range potential scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 146805 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.146805
  151. V.Q. Dang, T.Q. Trung, L. Duy, B.Y. Kim, S. Siddiqui et al., High-performance flexible ultraviolet (UV) phototransistor using hybrid channel of vertical ZnO nanorods and graphene. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 11032–11040 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b02834
  152. A. Dathbun, S. Kim, S. Lee, D.K. Hwang, J.H. Cho, Flexible and transparent graphene complementary logic gates. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. 4, 484–490 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8me00100f
  153. S. Kim, S.B. Jo, J. Kim, D. Rhee, Y.Y. Choi et al., Gate-deterministic remote doping enables highly retentive graphene-MXene hybrid memory devices on plastic. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2111956 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111956
  154. J. Cho, J. Lee, Y. He, B. Kim, T. Lodge et al., High-capacitance ion gel gate dielectrics with faster polarization response times for organic thin film transistors. Adv. Mater. 20, 686–690 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200701069
  155. J.H. Cho, J. Lee, Y. Xia, B. Kim, Y. He et al., Printable ion-gel gate dielectrics for low-voltage polymer thin-film transistorsonplastic. Nat. Mater. 7, 900–906 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2291
  156. Q. Sun, D.H. Kim, S.S. Park, N.Y. Lee, Y. Zhang et al., Transparent, low-power pressure sensor matrix based on coplanar-gate graphene transistors. Adv. Mater. 26, 4735–4740 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400918
  157. A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S.K. Saha et al., Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 210–215 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.67
  158. F. Chen, J. Xia, N. Tao, Ionic screening of charged-impurity scatt ering in graphene. Nano Lett. 9, 1621–1625 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl803922m
  159. S. Mansouri Majd, A. Salimi, Ultrasensitive flexible FET-type aptasensor for CA 125 cancer marker detection based on carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes immobilized onto reduced graphene oxide film. Anal. Chim. Acta 1000, 273–282 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.008
  160. W. Fu, L. Jiang, E.P. van Geest, L.M.C. Lima, G.F. Schneider, Sensing at the surface of graphene field-effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 29, 1603610 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603610
  161. L.T. Duy, T.Q. Trung, V.Q. Dang, B.-U. Hwang, S. Siddiqui et al., Flexible transparent reduced graphene oxide sensor coupled with organic dye molecules for rapid dual-mode ammonia gas detection. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 4329–4338 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505477
  162. U. Khan, T.-H. Kim, H. Ryu, W. Seung, S.-W. Kim, Graphene tribotronics for electronic skin and touch screen applications. Adv. Mater. 29, 1603544 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603544
  163. S. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, Z. Ren, C.F. Guo, Flexible electronics: stretchable electrodes and their future. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1805924 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201805924
  164. G. Hu, J. Wu, C. Ma, Z. Liang, W. Liu et al., Controlling the Dirac point voltage of graphene by mechanically bending the ferroelectric gate of a graphene field effect transistor. Mater. Horiz. 6, 302–310 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8mh01499j
  165. E.B. Secor, A.B. Cook, C.E. Tabor, M.C. Hersam, Wiring up liquid metal: stable and robust electrical contacts enabled by printable graphene inks. Adv. Electron. Mater. 4, 1700483 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700483
  166. F. Giubileo, A. Di, Bartolomeo the role of contact resistance in graphene field-effect devices. Prog. Surf. Sci. 92, 143–175 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsurf.2017.05.002
  167. A. Tabatabai, A. Fassler, C. Usiak, C. Majidi, Liquid-phase gallium–indium alloy electronics with microcontact printing. Langmuir 29, 6194–6200 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/la401245d
  168. Z. Zhou, Y. Yao, C. Zhang, Z. Deng, Q. Li et al., Liquid metal printed optoelectronics toward fast fabrication of customized and erasable patterned displays. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2101010 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101010
  169. N. Ochirkhuyag, R. Matsuda, Z. Song, F. Nakamura, T. Endo et al., Liquid metal-based nanocomposite materials: fabrication technology and applications. Nanoscale 13, 2113–2135 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr07479a
  170. R.K. Kramer, C. Majidi, R.J. Wood, Masked deposition of gallium-indium alloys for liquid-embedded elastomer conductors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 5292–5296 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201203589
  171. J.L. Melcher, K.S. Elassy, R.C. Ordonez, C. Hayashi, A.T. Ohta et al., Spray-on liquid-metal electrodes for graphene field-effect transistors. Micromachines 10, 54 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10010054
  172. L.V. Kayser, D.J. Lipomi, Stretchable conductive polymers and composites based on PEDOT and PEDOT: PSS. Adv. Mater. 31, e1806133 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806133
  173. L. Manjakkal, A. Pullanchiyodan, N. Yogeswaran, E.S. Hosseini, R. Dahiya, A wearable supercapacitor based on conductive PEDOT: PSS-coated cloth and a sweat electrolyte. Adv. Mater. 32, e1907254 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907254
  174. W. Luo, Y. Ma, T. Li, H.K. Thabet, C. Hou et al., Overview of MXene/conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors. J. Energy Storage 52, 105008 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105008
  175. K. Namsheer, C.S. Rout, Conducting polymers: a comprehensive review on recent advances in synthesis, properties and applications. RSC Adv. 11, 5659–5697 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07800j
  176. S. Ramanavicius, A. Ramanavicius, Conducting polymers in the design of biosensors and biofuel cells. Polymers 13, 49 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010049
  177. R. Ma, M. Zeng, Y. Li, T. Liu, Z. Luo et al., Rational anode engineering enables progresses for different types of organic solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2100492 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100492
  178. B. Zhou, J. Song, B. Wang, Y. Feng, C. Liu et al., Robust double-layered ANF/MXene-PEDOT: PSS Janus films with excellent multi-source driven heating and electromagnetic interference shielding properties. Nano Res. 15, 9520–9530 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4756-x
  179. H. Du, M. Zhang, K. Liu, M. Parit, Z. Jiang et al., Conductive PEDOT: PSS/cellulose nanofibril paper electrodes for flexible supercapacitors with superior areal capacitance and cycling stability. Chem. Eng. J. 428, 131994 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131994
  180. S. Raman, R.S. Arunagirinathan, Silver nanowires in stretchable resistive strain sensors. Nanomaterials 12, 1932 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111932
  181. W. Li, S. Yang, A. Shamim, Screen printing of silver nanowires: balancing conductivity with transparency while maintaining flexibility and stretchability. npj Flex. Electron. 3, 13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-019-0057-1
  182. K.E. Laliberte, P. Scott, N.I. Khan, M.S. Mahmud, E. Song, A wearable graphene transistor-based biosensor for monitoring IL-6 biomarker. Microelectron. Eng. 262, 111835 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2022.111835
  183. C. Wu, S. Xu, W. Wang, Synthesis and applications of silver nanocomposites: a review. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1948, 012216 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1948/1/012216
  184. N.A. Luechinger, E.K. Athanassiou, W.J. Stark, Graphene-stabilized copper nanops as an air-stable substitute for silver and gold in low-cost ink-jet printable electronics. Nanotechnology 19, 445201 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/44/445201
  185. S. De, T.M. Higgins, P.E. Lyons, E.M. Doherty, P.N. Nirmalraj et al., Silver nanowire networks as flexible, transparent, conducting films: extremely high DC to optical conductivity ratios. ACS Nano 3, 1767–1774 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900348c
  186. K. Liu, W. Liu, W. Li, Y. Duan, K. Zhou et al., Strong and highly conductive cellulose nanofibril/silver nanowires nanopaper for high performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 5, 1078–1089 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00425-2
  187. P. Lee, J. Lee, H. Lee, J. Yeo, S. Hong et al., Highly stretchable and highly conductive metal electrode by very long metal nanowire percolation network. Adv. Mater. 24, 3326–3332 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200359
  188. J. Liang, L. Li, X. Niu, Z. Yu, Q. Pei, Elastomeric polymer light-emitting devices and displays. Nat. Photonics 7, 817–824 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.242
  189. S. Gao, X. Zhao, Q. Fu, T. Zhang, J. Zhu et al., Highly transmitted silver nanowires-SWCNTs conductive flexible film by nested density structure and aluminum-doped zinc oxide capping layer for flexible amorphous silicon solar cells. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 126, 152–160 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.03.012
  190. R. Kawabata, T. Araki, M. Akiyama, T. Uemura, T. Wu et al., Stretchable printed circuit board integrated with Ag-nanowire-based electrodes and organic transistors toward imperceptible electrophysiological sensing. Flex. Print. Electron. 7, 044002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac968c
  191. L. Hu, H. Wu, Y. Cui, Metal nanogrids, nanowires, and nanofibers for transparent electrodes. MRS Bull. 36, 760–765 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2011.234
  192. L. Yang, T. Zhang, H. Zhou, S.C. Price, B.J. Wiley et al., Solution-processed flexible polymer solar cells with silver nanowire electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 4075–4084 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/am2009585
  193. J.H. Park, G.T. Hwang, S. Kim, J. Seo, H.J. Park et al., Flash-induced self-limited plasmonic welding of silver nanowire network for transparent flexible energy harvester. Adv. Mater. 29, 1603473 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603473
  194. M.-S. Lee, K. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, H. Lee, J. Park et al., High-performance, transparent, and stretchable electrodes using graphene-metal nanowire hybrid structures. Nano Lett. 13, 2814–2821 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl401070p
  195. I.N. Kholmanov, C.W. Magnuson, A.E. Aliev, H. Li, B. Zhang et al., Improved electrical conductivity of graphene films integrated with metal nanowires. Nano Lett. 12, 5679–5683 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302870x
  196. C. Jeong, P. Nair, M. Khan, M. Lundstrom, M.A. Alam, Prospects for nanowire-doped polycrystalline graphene films for ultratransparent, highly conductive electrodes. Nano Lett. 11, 5020–5025 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203041n
  197. J. Kim, M.S. Lee, S. Jeon, M. Kim, S. Kim et al., Highly transparent and stretchable field-effect transistor sensors using graphene-nanowire hybrid nanostructures. Adv. Mater. 27, 3292–3297 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500710
  198. J. Sheng, Z. Han, G. Jia, S. Zhu, Y. Xu et al., Covalently bonded graphene sheets on carbon nanotubes: direct growth and outstanding properties. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2306785 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202306785
  199. C. Zhang, S. Cheng, K. Si, N. Wang, Y. Wang et al., All-covalently-implanted FETs with ultrahigh solvent resistibility and exceptional electrical stability, and their applications for liver cancer biomarker detection. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 7436–7446 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC01385D
  200. X. Zhang, Y. Hu, H. Gu, P. Zhu, W. Jiang et al., A highly sensitive and cost-effective flexible pressure sensor with micropillar arrays fabricated by novel metal-assisted chemical etching for wearable electronics. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4, 1900367 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900367
  201. K. Kang, Y. Cho, K.J. Yu, Novel nano-materials and nano-fabrication techniques for flexible electronic systems. Micromachines 9, 263 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9060263
  202. Z. Gao, H. Kang, C.H. Naylor, F. Streller, P. Ducos et al., Scalable production of sensor arrays based on high-mobility hybrid graphene field effect transistors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 27546–27552 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b09238
  203. M. Banik, M. Oded, R. Shenhar, Coupling the chemistry and topography of block copolymer films patterned by soft lithography for nanop organization. Soft Matter 18, 5302–5311 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SM00389A
  204. J. Kajtez, S. Buchmann, S. Vasudevan, M. Birtele, S. Rocchetti et al., 3D-printed soft lithography for complex compartmentalized microfluidic neural devices. Adv. Sci. 8, e2101787 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202101787
  205. X. Han, B. Su, B. Zhou, Y. Wu, J. Meng, Soft lithographic fabrication of free-standing ceramic microparts using moisture-sensitive PDMS molds. J. Micromech. Microeng. 29, 035002 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/aaf7de
  206. M.W. Park, D.Y. Kim, U. An, J. Jang, J.H. Bae et al., Organizing reliable polymer electrode lines in flexible neural networks via coffee ring-free micromolding in capillaries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 46819–46826 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13780
  207. J. Deng, L. Jiang, B. Si, H. Zhou, J. Dong et al., AFM-Based nanofabrication and quality inspection of three-dimensional nanotemplates for soft lithography. J. Manuf. Process. 66, 565–573 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.04.051
  208. H. Li, H. Zhang, W. Luo, R. Yuan, Y. Zhao et al., Microcontact printing of gold nanop at three-phase interface as flexible substrate for SERS detection of microRNA. Anal. Chim. Acta 1229, 340380 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.340380
  209. N. Bhattacharjee, A. Urrios, S. Kang, A. Folch, The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics. Lab Chip 16, 1720–1742 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6lc00163g
  210. S. Zhu, Y. Tang, C. Lin, X.Y. Liu, Y. Lin, Recent advances in patterning natural polymers: from nanofabrication techniques to applications. Small Meth. 5, 2001060 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202001060
  211. M.W. Jung, S. Myung, K.W. Kim, W. Song, Y.Y. Jo et al., Fabrication of graphene-based flexible devices utilizing a soft lithographic patterning method. Nanotechnology 25, 285302 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/28/285302
  212. M.J. Lima, V.M. Correlo, R.L. Reis, Micro/nano replication and 3D assembling techniques for scaffold fabrication. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 42, 615–621 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.064
  213. T. Hong Tham Phan, S.-J. Kim, Super-hydrophobic microfluidic channels fabricated via xurography-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micromolding. Chem. Eng. Sci. 258, 117768 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2022.117768
  214. X. Sui, H. Pu, A. Maity, J. Chang, B. Jin et al., Field-effect transistor based on percolation network of reduced graphene oxide for real-time ppb-level detection of lead ions in water. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 9, 115012 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/abaaf4
  215. T. Kim, H. Kim, S.W. Kwon, Y. Kim, W.K. Park et al., Large-scale graphene micropatterns via self-assembly-mediated process for flexible device application. Nano Lett. 12, 743–748 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203691d
  216. P. Xiao, J. Gu, J. Chen, J. Zhang, R. Xing et al., Micro-contact printing of graphene oxide nanosheets for fabricating patterned polymer brushes. Chem. Commun. 50, 7103–7106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC01467G
  217. D. Tian, Y. Song, L. Jiang, Patterning of controllable surface wettability for printing techniques. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 5184–5209 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS35501B
  218. H. Ravanbakhsh, G. Bao, Z. Luo, L.G. Mongeau, Y.S. Zhang, Composite inks for extrusion printing of biological and biomedical constructs. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 7, 4009–4026 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01158
  219. S. Majee, W. Zhao, A. Sugunan, T. Gillgren, J.A. Larsson et al., Highly conductive films by rapid photonic annealing of inkjet printable starch–graphene ink. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 9, 2101884 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202101884
  220. C. Buga, J.C. Viana, Optimization of print quality of inkjet printed PEDOT: PSS patterns. Flex. Print. Electron. 7, 045004 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac931e
  221. P. Lin, X. Ji, L. Yin, J. Zhang, Inkjet-printed patterned quantum dots film for high-efficiency displays. IEEE Photonics J. 14, 8259606 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3221777
  222. T. Kraus, Soft electronics by inkjet printing metal inks on porous substrates. Flex. Print. Electron. 7, 033001 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac8360
  223. Z. Yin, Y. Huang, N. Bu, X. Wang, Y. Xiong, Inkjet printing for flexible electronics: materials, processes and equipments. Chin. Sci. Bull. 55, 3383–3407 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-3251-y
  224. L. Xiang, Z. Wang, Z. Liu, S.E. Weigum, Q. Yu et al., Inkjet-printed flexible biosensor based on graphene field effect transistor. IEEE Sens. J. 16, 8359–8364 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2608719
  225. J.M. Hoey, A. Lutfurakhmanov, D.L. Schulz, I.S. Akhatov, A review on aerosol-based direct-write and its applications for microelectronics. J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 324380 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324380
  226. T. Seifert, E. Sowade, F. Roscher, M. Wiemer, T. Gessner et al., Additive manufacturing technologies compared: morphology of deposits of silver ink using inkjet and aerosol jet printing. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 769–779 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie503636c
  227. D. Jahn, R. Eckstein, L.M. Schneider, N. Born, G. Hernandez-Sosa et al., Digital aerosol jet printing for the fabrication of terahertz metamaterials. Adv. Mater. Technol. 3, 1700236 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700236
  228. W. Yu, P.J. Cai, R. Liu, F.P. Shen, T. Zhang, A flexible ultrasensitive IgG-modified rGO-based FET biosensor fabricated by aerosol jet printing. Appl. Mech. Mater. 748, 157–161 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.748.157
  229. D. Wu, Q.-D. Chen, L.-G. Niu, J. Jiao, H. Xia et al., 100% fill-factor aspheric microlens arrays (AMLA) with sub-20-nm precision. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 21, 1535–1537 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2009.2029346
  230. J.-J. Xu, W.-G. Yao, Z.-N. Tian, L. Wang, K.-M. Guan et al., High curvature concave–convex microlens. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27, 2465–2468 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2015.2470195
  231. D. Wu, J. Xu, L.-G. Niu, S.-Z. Wu, K. Midorikawa et al., In-channel integration of designable microoptical devices using flat scaffold-supported femtosecond-laser microfabrication for coupling-free optofluidic cell counting. Light. Sci. Appl. 4, e228 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2015.1
  232. X.-P. Zhan, J.-F. Ku, Y.-X. Xu, X.-L. Zhang, J. Zhao et al., Unidirectional lasing from a spiral-shaped microcavity of dye-doped polymers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27, 311–314 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2014.2370641
  233. Y.-L. Sun, W.-F. Dong, L.-G. Niu, T. Jiang, D.-X. Liu et al., Protein-based soft micro-optics fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing. Light. Sci. Appl. 3, e129 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2014.10
  234. A. Johansson, H.-C. Tsai, J. Aumanen, J. Koivistoinen, P. Myllyperkiö et al., Chemical composition of two-photon oxidized graphene. Carbon 115, 77–82 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.091
  235. Y. He, L. Zhu, Y. Liu, J.-N. Ma, D.-D. Han et al., Femtosecond laser direct writing of flexible all-reduced graphene oxide FET. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28, 1996–1999 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2016.2574746
  236. M.G. Stanford, J.T. Li, Y. Chyan, Z. Wang, W. Wang et al., Laser-induced graphene triboelectric nanogenerators. ACS Nano 13, 7166–7174 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b02596
  237. A. Samouco, A.C. Marques, A. Pimentel, R. Martins, E. Fortunato, Laser-induced electrodes towards low-cost flexible UV ZnO sensors. Flex. Print. Electron. 3, 044002 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/aaed77
  238. T.-R. Cui, Y.-C. Qiao, J.-W. Gao, C.-H. Wang, Y. Zhang et al., Ultrasensitive detection of COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein using laser induced graphene field-effect transistor. Molecules 26, 6947 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226947
  239. C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, J. Hone, Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385–388 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
  240. S.-M. Choi, S.-H. Jhi, Y.-W. Son, Controlling energy gap of bilayer graphene by strain. Nano Lett. 10, 3486–3489 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl101617x
  241. G. Cocco, E. Cadelano, L. Colombo, Gap opening in graphene by shear strain. Phys. Rev. B 81, 241412 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.81.241412
  242. G. Gui, J. Li, J. Zhong, Band structure engineering of graphene by strain: first-principles calculations. Phys. Rev. B 78, 075435 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.78.075435
  243. S. Quan, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, Strain effects in the electron orbital coupling and electric structure of graphene. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24, 23929–23935 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp02428d
  244. Z. Ni, H. Bu, M. Zou, H. Yi, K. Bi et al., Anisotropic mechanical properties of graphene sheets from molecular dynamics. Phys. B Condens. Matter 405, 1301–1306 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2009.11.071
  245. Z. Hao, Z. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Zhu, X. Wang et al., Measurement of cytokine biomarkers using an aptamer-based affinity graphene nanosensor on a flexible substrate toward wearable applications. Nanoscale 10, 21681–21688 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr04315a
  246. Y. Yang, X. Yang, X. Zou, S. Wu, D. Wan et al., Ultrafine graphene nanomesh with large on/off ratio for high-performance flexible biosensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1604096 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201604096
  247. T.Q. Trung, N.T. Tien, D. Kim, J.H. Jung, O.J. Yoon et al., High thermal responsiveness of a reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor. Adv. Mater. 24, 5254–5260 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201724
  248. A. Singh, S. Lee, H. Watanabe, H. Lee, Graphene-based ultrasensitive strain sensors. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2, 523–528 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00778
  249. S.B. Kumar, J. Guo, Strain-induced conductance modulation in graphene grain boundary. Nano Lett. 12, 1362–1366 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203968j
  250. V. Hung Nguyen, T.X. Hoang, P. Dollfus, J.C. Charlier, Transport properties through graphene grain boundaries: strain effects versus lattice symmetry. Nanoscale 8, 11658–11673 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr01359g
  251. I.Y. Sahalianov, T.M. Radchenko, V.A. Tatarenko, G. Cuniberti, Sensitivity to strains and defects for manipulating the conductivity of graphene. Europhys. Lett. 132, 48002 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/132/48002
  252. X. Yang, W. Chen, Q. Fan, J. Chen, Y. Chen et al., Electronic skin for health monitoring systems: properties, functions, and applications. Adv. Mater. 36, e2402542 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202402542
  253. Y. Chen, X. Wan, G. Li, J. Ye, J. Gao et al., Metal hydrogel-based integrated wearable biofuel cell for self-powered epidermal sweat biomarker monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202404329
  254. A.J. Bandodkar, W.J. Jeang, R. Ghaffari, J.A. Rogers, Wearable sensors for biochemical sweat analysis. Annual Rev. Anal. Chem. 12, 1–22 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114910
  255. Z. Li, Q. Zheng, Z.L. Wang, Z. Li, Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for wearable and implantable electronics. Research (Wash D C) 2020, 8710686 (2020). https://doi.org/10.34133/2020/8710686
  256. N. Li, J. Peng, W.-J. Ong, T. Ma, Arramel et al., MXenes: an emerging platform for wearable electronics and looking beyond. Matter 4, 377–407 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.10.024
  257. F.-R. Fan, Z.-Q. Tian, Z.L. Wang, Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy 1, 328–334 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004
  258. Y. Yang, H. Zhang, Z.H. Lin, Y.S. Zhou, Q. Jing et al., Human skin based triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting biomechanical energy and as self-powered active tactile sensor system. ACS Nano 7, 9213–9222 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn403838y
  259. S. Niu, S. Wang, L. Lin, Y. Liu, Y.S. Zhou et al., Theoretical study of contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 3576 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee42571a
  260. W. He, W. Liu, J. Chen, Z. Wang, Y. Liu et al., Boosting output performance of sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator by charge space-accumulation effect. Nat. Commun. 11, 4277 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18086-4
  261. D.-S. Liu, H. Ryu, U. Khan, C. Wu, J.-H. Jung et al., Piezoionic-powered graphene strain sensor based on solid polymer electrolyte. Nano Energy 81, 105610 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105610
  262. J.B. Park, M.S. Song, R. Ghosh, R.K. Saroj, Y. Hwang et al., Highly sensitive and flexible pressure sensors using position- and dimension-controlled ZnO nanotube arrays grown on graphene films. NPG Asia Mater. 13, 57 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-021-00324-w
  263. T.Q. Trung, N.E. Lee, Flexible and stretchable physical sensor integrated platforms for wearable human-activity monitoringand personal healthcare. Adv. Mater. 28, 4338–4372 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504244
  264. S. Mondal, B.K. Min, Y. Yi, V.-T. Nguyen, C.-G. Choi, Gamma-ray tolerant flexible pressure–temperature sensor for nuclear radiation environment. Adv. Mater. Technol. 6, 2001039 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202001039
  265. J. Min, J. Tu, C. Xu, H. Lukas, S. Shin et al., Skin-interfaced wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine. Chem. Rev. 123, 5049–5138 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823
  266. M. Bariya, H.Y.Y. Nyein, A. Javey, Wearable sweat sensors. Nat. Electron. 1, 160–171 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0043-y
  267. Y. Liu, L. Zhong, S. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Liu, An ultrasensitive and wearable photoelectrochemical sensor for unbiased and accurate monitoring of sweat glucose. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 354, 131204 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.131204
  268. L. Qiao, M.R. Benzigar, J.A. Subramony, N.H. Lovell, G. Liu, Advances in sweat wearables: sample extraction, real-time biosensing, and flexible platforms. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 34337–34361 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07614
  269. M. Elsherif, M.U. Hassan, A.K. Yetisen, H. Butt, Wearable contact lens biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring using smartphones. ACS Nano 12, 5452–5462 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b00829
  270. Y. Chen, S. Lu, S. Zhang, Y. Li, Z. Qu et al., Skin-like biosensor system via electrochemical channels for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring. Sci. Adv. 3, e1701629 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701629
  271. J. Heikenfeld, A. Jajack, B. Feldman, S.W. Granger, S. Gaitonde et al., Accessing analytes in biofluids for peripheral biochemical monitoring. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 407–419 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0040-3
  272. A. Roy, S. Zenker, S. Jain, R. Afshari, Y. Oz et al., A highly stretchable, conductive, and transparent bioadhesive hydrogel as a flexible sensor for enhanced real-time human health monitoring. Adv. Mater. 36, e2404225 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202404225
  273. S. Murphy, M. Zweyer, R.R. Mundegar, D. Swandulla, K. Ohlendieck, Proteomic serum biomarkers for neuromuscular diseases. Expert Rev. Proteom. 15, 277–291 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/14789450.2018.1429923
  274. L. Wang, J.A. Jackman, W.B. Ng, N.-J. Cho, Flexible, graphene-coated biocomposite for highly sensitive, real-time molecular detection. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 8623–8630 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603550
  275. O.S. Kwon, S.J. Park, J.Y. Hong, A.R. Han, J.S. Lee et al., Flexible FET-type VEGF aptasensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene converted from conducting polymer. ACS Nano 6, 1486–1493 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn204395n
  276. S. Farid, X. Meshik, M. Choi, S. Mukherjee, Y. Lan et al., Detection of Interferon gamma using graphene and aptamer based FET-like electrochemical biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 71, 294–299 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.047
  277. Z. Wang, Z. Hao, S. Yu, C.G. De Moraes, L.H. Suh et al., An ultraflexible and stretchable aptameric graphene nanosensor for biomarker detection and monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1905202 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905202
  278. Z. Wang, Z. Hao, X. Wang, C. Huang, Q. Lin et al., A flexible and regenerative aptameric graphene–nafion biosensor for cytokine storm biomarker monitoring in undiluted biofluids toward wearable applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2005958 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202005958
  279. J. Bai, D. Liu, X. Tian, Y. Wang, B. Cui et al., Coin-sized, fully integrated, and minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring system based on organic electrochemical transistors. Sci. Adv. 10, eadl1856 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl1856
  280. M. Sang, M. Cho, S. Lim, I.S. Min, Y. Han et al., Fluorescent-based biodegradable microneedle sensor array for tether-free continuous glucose monitoring with smartphone application. Sci. Adv. 9, eadl1765 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh1765
  281. Y.H. Kwak, D.S. Choi, Y.N. Kim, H. Kim, D.H. Yoon et al., Flexible glucose sensor using CVD-grown graphene-based field effect transistor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 37, 82–87 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.042
  282. C. Huang, Z. Hao, T. Qi, Y. Pan, X. Zhao, An integrated flexible and reusable graphene field effect transistor nanosensor for monitoring glucose. J. Materiomics 6, 308–314 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2020.02.002
  283. Y. Zhi, J. Jian, Y. Qiao, Y. Tian, Y. Yang et al., An ultrathin flexible affinity-based graphene field-effect transistor for glucose monitoring. 2020 21st International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT). August 12–15, 2020, Guangzhou, China. IEEE, (2020), pp. 1–6.
  284. H.C. Lee, E.Y. Hsieh, K. Yong, S. Nam, Multiaxially-stretchable kirigami-patterned mesh design for graphene sensor devices. Nano Res. 13, 1406–1412 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2662-7
  285. N. Gao, R. Zhou, B. Tu, T. Tao, Y. Song et al., Graphene electrochemical transistor incorporated with gel electrolyte for wearable and non-invasive glucose monitoring. Anal. Chim. Acta 1239, 340719 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.340719
  286. S.A. Hashemi, S.M. Mousavi, S. Bahrani, N. Omidifar, M. Arjmand et al., Decorated graphene oxide flakes with integrated complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline/NiO toward accurate detection of glucose at physiological conditions. J. Electroanal. Chem. 893, 115303 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115303
  287. J. Yi, X. Han, F. Gao, L. Cai, Y. Chen et al., A novel metal-organic framework of Ba-hemin with enhanced cascade activity for sensitive glucose detection. RSC Adv. 12, 20544–20549 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra02778j
  288. C. Zhang, C. Wei, D. Chen, Z. Xu, X. Huang, Construction of inorganic-organic cascade enzymes biosensor based on gradient polysulfone hollow fiber membrane for glucose detection. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 385, 133630 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.133630
  289. R. Bi, X. Ma, K. Miao, P. Ma, Q. Wang, Enzymatic biosensor based on dendritic gold nanostructure and enzyme precipitation coating for glucose sensing and detection. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 162, 110132 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110132
  290. J. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Han, J. Pang, C. Wang et al., Ultrasensitive label-free MiRNA sensing based on a flexible graphene field-effect transistor without functionalization. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2, 1090–1098 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.0c00095
  291. M. Ku, J. Kim, J.E. Won, W. Kang, Y.G. Park et al., Smart, soft contact lens for wireless immunosensing of cortisol. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb2891 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb2891
  292. C. Huang, Z. Hao, Z. Wang, H. Wang, X. Zhao et al., An ultraflexible and transparent graphene-based wearable sensor for biofluid biomarkers detection. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2101131 (2022). https://doi.org/10.100
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 2626 Download : 1988

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 > >>