Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

Fluorine-Modulated MXene-Derived Catalysts for Multiphase Sulfur Conversion in Lithium–Sulfur Battery

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01482-6
Qinhua Gu
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Yiqi Cao
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Junnan Chen
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Yujie Qi
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Zhaofeng Zhai
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Ming Lu
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Nan Huang
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Bingsen Zhang
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Bingsen Zhang

bszhang@imr.ac.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 266

Abstract

Fluorine owing to its inherently high electronegativity exhibits charge delocalization and ion dissociation capabilities; as a result, there has been an influx of research studies focused on the utilization of fluorides to optimize solid electrolyte interfaces and provide dynamic protection of electrodes to regulate the reaction and function performance of batteries. Nonetheless, the shuttle effect and the sluggish redox reaction kinetics emphasize the potential bottlenecks of lithium–sulfur batteries. Whether fluorine modulation regulate the reaction process of Li–S chemistry? Here, the TiOF/Ti3C2 MXene nanoribbons with a tailored F distribution were constructed via an NH4F fluorinated method. Relying on in situ characterizations and electrochemical analysis, the F activates the catalysis function of Ti metal atoms in the consecutive redox reaction. The positive charge of Ti metal sites is increased due to the formation of O–Ti–F bonds based on the Lewis acid–base mechanism, which contributes to the adsorption of polysulfides, provides more nucleation sites and promotes the cleavage of S–S bonds. This facilitates the deposition of Li2S at lower overpotentials. Additionally, fluorine has the capacity to capture electrons originating from Li2S dissolution due to charge compensation mechanisms. The fluorine modulation strategy holds the promise of guiding the construction of fluorine-based catalysts and facilitating the seamless integration of multiple consecutive heterogeneous catalytic processes.


Highlights:
1 By introducing fluorine modulation into MXene, a new MXene-derived material TiOF/Ti3C2 was successfully synthesized with a distinctive three-dimensional structure and a tailored F distribution.
2 In situ characterizations and electrochemical analyses demonstrate that TiOF/Ti3C2 catalysts effectively coupled the multiphase sulfur species conversion processes.
3 The investigations reveal that the theoretical basis of the fluorine catalysis in Li–S batteries originated from Lewis acid–base mechanisms and charge compensation mechanisms.

Keywords

Catalysis Fluorination MXene Lithium–sulfur battery Shuttle effect
Gu, Qinhua, Yiqi Cao, Junnan Chen, Yujie Qi, Zhaofeng Zhai, Ming Lu, Nan Huang, and Bingsen Zhang. 2024. “Fluorine-Modulated MXene-Derived Catalysts for Multiphase Sulfur Conversion in Lithium–Sulfur Battery”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (August):266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01482-6.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. G. Zhou, H. Chen, Y. Cui, Formulating energy density for designing practical lithium–sulfur batteries. Nat. Energy 7, 312–319 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01001-0
  2. Z. Shen, X. Jin, J. Tian, M. Li, Y. Yuan et al., Cation-doped ZnS catalysts for polysulfide conversion in lithium–sulfur batteries. Nat. Catal. 5, 555–563 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-022-00804-4
  3. Z. Yuan, H.-J. Peng, T.Z. Hou, J.Q. Huang, C.M. Chen et al., Powering lithium–sulfur battery performance by propelling polysulfide redox at sulfiphilic hosts. Nano Lett. 16, 519–527 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04166
  4. Y.W. Song, J.L. Qin, C.X. Zhao, M. Zhao, L.P. Hou et al., The formation of crystalline lithium sulfide on electrocatalytic surfaces in lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Energy Chem. 64, 568–573 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.05.023
  5. W. Hua, H. Li, C. Pei, J. Xia, Y. Sun et al., Selective catalysis remedies polysulfide shuttling in lithium–sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 33, 2101006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202101006
  6. N. Chai, Y. Qi, Q. Gu, J. Chen, M. Lu et al., CoOx nanops loaded on carbon spheres with synergistic effects for effective inhibition of shuttle effect in Li–S batteries. Nanoscale 15, 5327–5336 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nr07194k
  7. M. Zhao, H.J. Peng, Z.W. Zhang, B.Q. Li, X. Chen et al., Activating inert metallic compounds for high-rate lithium–sulfur batteries through in situ etching of extrinsic metal. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 3779–3783 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201812062
  8. B. Jiang, D. Tian, Y. Qiu, X.Q. Song, Y. Zhang et al., High-index faceted nanocrystals as highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 40 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00769-2
  9. C.H. Zhao, B. Jiang, Y. Huang, X. Sun, M. Wang et al., Highly active and stable oxygen vacancies via sulfur modification for efficient catalysis in lithium-sulfur batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 5490–5499 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ee01774e
  10. C.H. Zhao, Y. Huang, B. Jiang, Z.Y. Chen, X.B. Yu et al., The origin of strain effects on sulfur redox electrocatalyst for lithium sulfur batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2302586 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202302586
  11. Q. Gu, Y. Qi, W. Hua, T. Shang, J. Chen et al., Engineering Pt heterogeneous catalysts for accelerated liquid-solid redox conversion in Li–S batteries. J. Energy Chem. 69, 490–496 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.01.016
  12. Q. Gu, Y. Qi, J. Chen, M. Lu, B. Zhang et al., Cobalt nanops loaded on MXene for Li–S batteries: Anchoring polysulfides and accelerating redox reactions. Small 18, 2204005 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202204005
  13. J.J. Wang, G.Q. Cao, R.X. Duan, X.Y. Li, X.F. Li et al., Advances in single metal atom catalysts enhancing kinetics of sulfur cathode. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 39, 2212005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202212005
  14. Y. Zhang, Y. Qiu, L.S. Fan, X. Sun, B. Jiang et al., Dual-atoms iron sites boost the kinetics of reversible conversion of polysulfide for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 63, 103026 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103026
  15. H. Liu, F. Liu, Z. Qu, J. Chen, H. Liu et al., High sulfur loading and shuttle inhibition of advanced sulfur cathode enabled by graphene network skin and N, P, F-doped mesoporous carbon interfaces for ultra-stable lithium sulfur battery. Nano Res. Energy 2, e9120049 (2023). https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2023.9120049
  16. K. Chen, Z.H. Sun, R.P. Fang, F. Li, H.M. Cheng et al., Development of graphene-based materials for lithium–sulfur batteries. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 34, 377–390 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb201709001
  17. B. Zhang, C. Luo, G. Zhou, Z.Z. Pan, J. Ma et al., Lamellar MXene composite aerogels with sandwiched carbon nanotubes enable stable lithium–sulfur batteries with a high sulfur loading. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2100793 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100793
  18. L. Jiao, C. Zhang, C. Geng, S. Wu, H. Li et al., Capture and catalytic conversion of polysulfides by in situ built TiO2-MXene heterostructures for lithium–sulfur batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1900219 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900219
  19. P. Chen, T. Zhou, S. Wang, N. Zhang, Y. Tong et al., Dynamic migration of surface fluorine anions on cobalt-based materials to achieve enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 15471–15475 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201809220
  20. X. Chen, K. Fan, Y. Liu, Y. Li, X. Liu et al., Recent advances in fluorinated graphene from synthesis to applications: critical review on functional chemistry and structure engineering. Adv. Mater. 34, 2101665 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202101665
  21. Y. Tian, R. Chen, X. Liu, L. Yin, D. Yang et al., Fluorine-regulated carbon nanotubes decorated with Co single atoms for multi-site electrocatalysis toward two-electron oxygen reduction. Ecomat 5, e12336 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12336
  22. B. Cao, L. Zeng, H. Liu, J. Shang, L. Wang et al., Synthesis of the platinum nanoribbons regulated by fluorine and applications in electrocatalysis. Inorg. Chem. 60, 4366–4370 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00231
  23. T. Li, W. Shi, Q. Mao, X. Chen, Regulating the photoluminescence of carbon dots via a green fluorine-doping-derived surface-state-controlling strategy. J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 17357–17364 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc04660h
  24. K. Chen, M. Lei, Z. Yao, Y. Zheng, J. Hu et al., Construction of solid-liquid fluorine transport channel to enable highly reversible conversion cathodes. Sci. Adv. 7, eabj1491 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj1491
  25. J. Meng, Z. Xiao, L. Zhu, X. Zhang, X. Hong et al., Fluorinated electrode materials for high-energy batteries. Matter 6, 1685–1716 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2023.03.032
  26. P. Zhou, Y. Xia, W.-H. Hou, S. Yan, H.-Y. Zhou et al., Rationally designed fluorinated amide additive enables the stable operation of lithium metal batteries by regulating the interfacial chemistry. Nano Lett. 22, 5936–5943 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01961
  27. Y.M. Dai, Q.J. Chen, C.C. Hu, Y.Y. Huang, W.Y. Wu et al., Copper fluoride as a low-cost sodium-ion battery cathode with high capacity. Chin. Chem. Lett. 33, 1435–1438 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.050
  28. J.L. Lian, Y. Wu, Y.C. Guo, Z.Y. Zhao, Q.H. Zhang et al., Design of hierarchical and mesoporous FeF3/rGO hybrids as cathodes for superior lithium-ion batteries. Chin. Chem. Lett. 3, 3931–3935 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.014
  29. C.Z. Lai, K.Y. Chen, Y.J. Zheng, J.W. Meng, J.L. Hu et al., Tailored deep-eutectic solvent method to enable 3D porous iron fluoride bricks for conversion-type lithium batteries. J. Energy Chem. 8, 178–187 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.11.004
  30. Y.L. Xu, W.J. Xiong, J.Q. Huang, X.L. Tang, H.Q. Wang et al., Pressure-induced growth of coralloid-like FeF2 nanocrystals to enable high-performance conversion cathode. J. Energy Chem. 79, 291–300 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.01.006
  31. M.H. Kim, T.-U. Wi, J. Seo, A. Choi, S. Ko et al., Design principles for fluorinated interphase evolution via conversion-type alloying processes for anticorrosive lithium metal anodes. Nano Lett. 23, 3582–3591 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00764
  32. X. Sun, D. Tian, X. Song, B. Jiang, C. Zhao et al., In situ conversion to construct fast ion transport and high catalytic cathode for high-sulfur loading with lean electrolyte lithium-sulfur battery. Nano Energy 95, 106979 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.106979
  33. W. Hou, Y. Zhai, Z. Chen, C. Liu, C. Ouyang et al., Fluorine-regulated cathode electrolyte interphase enables high-energy quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Appl. Phys. Lett. 122, 043903 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0134474
  34. K. Lemoine, A. Hemon-Ribaud, M. Leblanc, J. Lhoste, J.M. Tarascon et al., Fluorinated materials as positive electrodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries. Chem. Rev. 122, 14405–14439 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00247
  35. J. Liu, L. Zhang, H. Wu, Enhancing the low/middle-frequency electromagnetic wave absorption of metal sulfides through F- regulation engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2110496 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202110496
  36. M. Lu, W. Han, H. Li, W. Shi, J. Wang et al., Tent-pitching-inspired high-valence period 3-cation pre-intercalation excels for anode of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) with high Li storage capacity. Energy Storage Mater. 16, 163–168 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.04.029
  37. H. Li, M. Lu, W. Han, H. Li, Y. Wu et al., Employing MXene as a matrix for loading amorphous Si generated upon lithiation towards enhanced lithium-ion storage. J. Energy Chem. 38, 50–54 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.12.020
  38. P.F. Huang, W.Q. Han, Recent advances and perspectives of lewis acidic etching route: an emerging preparation strategy for MXenes. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 68 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01039-z
  39. X. Miao, Z. Li, S. Liu, J. Wang, S. Yang, MXenes in tribology: Current status and perspectives. Adv. Powder. Mater. 2, 100092 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmate.2022.100092
  40. Q. Gu, M. Lu, J. Chen, Y. Qi, B. Zhang, Three-dimensional architectures based on carbon nanotube bridged Ti2C MXene nanosheets for Li–S batteries. Particuology 57, 139–145 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2021.01.003
  41. S.Z. Zhang, N. Zhong, X. Zhou, M.J. Zhang, X.P. Huang et al., Comprehensive design of the high-sulfur-loading Li–S battery based on MXene nanosheets. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 112 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00449-7
  42. G. Liang, X. Li, Y. Wang, S. Yang, Z. Huang et al., Building durable aqueous K-ion capacitors based on MXene family. Nano Res. Energy 1, 9120002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2022.9120002
  43. F. Pan, X. Wu, D. Batalu, W. Lu, H. Guan, Assembling of low-dimensional aggregates with interlaminar electromagnetic synergy network for high-efficient microwave absorption. Adv. Powder. Mater. 2, 100100 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmate.2022.100100
  44. Y. Dong, S. Zheng, J. Qin, X. Zhao, H. Shi et al., All-MXene-based integrated electrode constructed by Ti3C2 nanoribbon framework host and nanosheet interlayer for high-energy-density Li–S batteries. ACS Nano 12, 2381–2388 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07672
  45. G.S. Gund, J.H. Park, R. Harpalsinh, M. Kota, J.H. Shin et al., MXene/polymer hybrid materials for flexible AC-filtering electrochemical capacitors. Joule 3, 164–176 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.10.017
  46. J.H. Heo, F. Zhang, J.K. Park, H.J. Lee, D.S. Lee et al., Surface engineering with oxidized Ti3C2Tx MXene enables efficient and stable p-i-n-structured CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Joule 6, 1672–1688 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.05.013
  47. B.P. Thapaliya, C.J. Jafta, H. Lyu, J. Xia, H.M. Meyer et al., Fluorination of MXene by elemental F2 as electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Chemsuschem 12, 1316–1324 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201900003
  48. Y. Dong, Z.S. Wu, S. Zheng, X. Wang, J. Qin et al., Ti3C2 MXene-derived Sodium/Potassium titanate nanoribbons for high-performance Sodium/Potassium ion batteries with enhanced capacities. ACS Nano 11, 4792–4800 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01165
  49. J. Chen, Y. Qi, M. Lu, S. Dong, B. Zhang, Quantitative analysis of the interface between titanium dioxide support and noble metal by electron energy loss spectroscopy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 42104–42111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c09791
  50. X. Sun, Y. Qiu, B. Jiang, Z. Chen, C. Zhao et al., Isolated Fe-Co heteronuclear diatomic sites as efficient bifunctional catalysts for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Nat. Commun. 14, 291 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35736-x
  51. C. Prehal, J.M. von Mentlen, S.D. Talian, A. Vizintin, R. Dominko et al., On the nanoscale structural evolution of solid discharge products in lithium–sulfur batteries using operando scattering. Nat. Commun. 13, 6326 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33931-4
  52. Q. Gu, M. Lu, Y. Cao, B. Zhang, Revealing the catalytic conversion via in situ characterization for lithium–sulfur batteries. Renewables 1, 1–21 (2023). https://doi.org/10.31635/rnwb.023.202300033
  53. Y. Song, W. Cai, L. Kong, J. Cai, Q. Zhang et al., Rationalizing electrocatalysis of Li–S chemistry by mediator design: progress and prospects. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1901075 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901075
  54. J. Xia, W. Hua, L. Wang, Y. Sun, C. Geng et al., Boosting catalytic activity by seeding nanocatalysts onto interlayers to inhibit polysulfide shuttling in Li–S batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2101980 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202101980
  55. J. Wu, T. Ye, Y. Wang, P. Yang, Q. Wang et al., Understanding the catalytic kinetics of polysulfide redox reactions on transition metal compounds in Li–S batteries. ACS Nano 16, 15734–15759 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c08581
  56. F.Y. Fan, W.C. Carter, Y.M. Chiang, Mechanism and kinetics of Li2S precipitation in lithium–sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 27, 5203–5209 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501559
  57. J. He, A. Manthiram, A review on the status and challenges of electrocatalysts in lithium–sulfur batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 20, 55–70 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.038
  58. J. Zhang, G. Xu, Q. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Yang et al., Mo-O-C between MoS2 and graphene toward accelerated polysulfide catalytic conversion for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries. Adv. Sci. 9, 2201579 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202201579
  59. W. Yao, C. Tian, C. Yang, J. Xu, Y. Meng et al., P-doped NiTe2 with Te-vacancies in lithium–sulfur batteries prevents shuttling and promotes polysulfide conversion. Adv. Mater. 34, 2106370 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202106370
  60. J. Tan, D. Liu, X. Xu, L. Mai, In situ/operando characterization techniques for rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries: a review. Nanoscale 9, 19001–19016 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr06819k
  61. S.Y. Qiu, C. Wang, Z.X. Jiang, L.S. Zhang, L.L. Gu et al., Rational design of MXene@TiO2 nanoarray enabling dual lithium polysulfide chemisorption towards high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Nanoscale 12, 16678–16684 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr03528a
  62. J.X. Huang, Y.Y. Hu, J.Z. Li, H. Wang, T.S. Wang et al., A flexible supercapacitor with high energy density driven by MXene/deep eutectic solvent gel polyelectrolyte. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 2316–2324 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00340
  63. R. Sun, J. Hu, X. Shi, J. Wang, X. Zheng, Water-soluble cross-linking functional binder for low-cost and high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2104858 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202104858
  64. Q. Gong, L. Hou, T. Li, Y. Jiao, P. Wu, Regulating the molecular interactions in polymer binder for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. ACS Nano 16, 8449–8460 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c03059
  65. C. Gao, J. Yang, X. Han, M. Abuzar, Y. Chen, An in situ decorated cathode with LiF and F@C for performance enhanced Li–S batteries. Chem. Commun. 56, 6444–6447 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc01462a
  66. Y.H. Liu, C.Y. Wang, S.L. Yang, F.F. Cao, H. Ye, 3D Mxene architectures as sulfur hosts for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. J. Energy Chem. 66, 429–439 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.08.040
  67. T.P. Zhang, W.L. Shao, S.Y. Liu, Z.H. Song, R.Y. Mao et al., A flexible design strategy to modify Ti3C2Tx Mxene surface terminations via nucleophilic substitution for long-life Li–S batteries. J. Energy Chem. 74, 349–358 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.07.041
  68. F.N. Jiang, S.J. Yang, Z.X. Chen, H. Liu, H. Yuan et al., Higher-order polysulfides induced thermal runaway for 1.0 Ah lithium sulfur pouch cells. Particuology 79, 10–17 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2022.11.009
  69. J. Zhou, S.W. Sun, X.C. Zhou, X.Y. Rao, X.Y. Xu et al., Defect engineering enables an advanced separator modification for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 487, 150574 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150574
  70. H. Cheng, S.C. Zhang, S. Li, C. Gao, S.H. Zhao et al., Engineering Fe and V coordinated bimetallic oxide nanocatalyst enables enhanced polysulfides mediation for high energy density Li–S battery. Small 18, 2202557 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202557
  71. W.Q. Yao, J. Xu, Y.J. Cao, Y.F. Meng, Z.L. Wu et al., Dynamic intercalation-conversion site supported ultrathin 2D mesoporous SnO2/SnSe2 hybrid as bifunctional polysulfide immobilizer and lithium regulator for lithium–sulfur chemistry. ACS Nano 16, 10783–10797 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c02810
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF SUPPLEMENTARY FILE
Statistic
Read Counter : 2721 Download : 2010