Issue

Vol. 14 (2022)

High-Energy Batteries: Beyond Lithium-Ion and Their Long Road to Commercialisation

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00844-2
Yulin Gao
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
Zhenghui Pan
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
Jianguo Sun
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
Zhaolin Liu
Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
John Wang
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore

Corresponding Author: John Wang

msewangj@nus.edu.sg

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 14 (2022), Article Number: 94

Abstract

Rechargeable batteries of high energy density and overall performance are becoming a critically important technology in the rapidly changing society of the twenty-first century. While lithium-ion batteries have so far been the dominant choice, numerous emerging applications call for higher capacity, better safety and lower costs while maintaining sufficient cyclability. The design space for potentially better alternatives is extremely large, with numerous new chemistries and architectures being simultaneously explored. These include other insertion ions (e.g. sodium and numerous multivalent ions), conversion electrode materials (e.g. silicon, metallic anodes, halides and chalcogens) and aqueous and solid electrolytes. However, each of these potential “beyond lithium-ion” alternatives faces numerous challenges that often lead to very poor cyclability, especially at the commercial cell level, while lithium-ion batteries continue to improve in performance and decrease in cost. This review examines fundamental principles to rationalise these numerous developments, and in each case, a brief overview is given on the advantages, advances, remaining challenges preventing cell-level implementation and the state-of-the-art of the solutions to these challenges. Finally, research and development results obtained in academia are compared to emerging commercial examples, as a commentary on the current and near-future viability of these “beyond lithium-ion” alternatives.


Highlights:


1 Fundamental rationalisation for high-energy batteries.
2 Newly emerging and the state-of-the-art high-energy batteries vs. incumbent lithium-ion batteries: performance, cost and safety.
3 Closing the gap between academic research and commercialisation of emerging high-energy batteries, and examination of the remaining challenges.

Keywords

High energy density Beyond lithium-ion batteries Multivalent-ion batteries Conversion electrode materials Electrolyte
Gao, Yulin, Zhenghui Pan, Jianguo Sun, Zhaolin Liu, and John Wang. 2022. “High-Energy Batteries: Beyond Lithium-Ion and Their Long Road to Commercialisation”. Nano-Micro Letters 14 (April):94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00844-2.
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