Issue

Vol. 12 (2020)

Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials: Emerging Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Science

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00510-5
Junye Cheng
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People’s Republic of China
Lingfeng Gao
Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic of China
Tian Li
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Shan Mei
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Cong Wang
Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education
Bo Wen
Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic of China
Weichun Huang
Nantong Key Lab of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Chao Li
Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic of China
Guangping Zheng
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Hao Wang
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic of China
Han Zhang
Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education

Corresponding Author: Han Zhang

hzhang@szu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 12 (2020), Article Number: 179

Abstract

Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP), well known as phosphorene, has triggered tremendous attention since the first discovery in 2014. The unique puckered monolayer structure endows 2D BP intriguing properties, which facilitate its potential applications in various fields, such as catalyst, energy storage, sensor, etc. Owing to the large surface area, good electric conductivity, and high theoretical specific capacity, 2D BP has been widely studied as electrode materials and significantly enhanced the performance of energy storage devices. With the rapid development of energy storage devices based on 2D BP, a timely review on this topic is in demand to further extend the application of 2D BP in energy storage. In this review, recent advances in experimental and theoretical development of 2D BP are presented along with its structures, properties, and synthetic methods. Particularly, their emerging applications in electrochemical energy storage, including Li−/K−/Mg−/Na-ion, Li–S batteries, and supercapacitors, are systematically summarized with milestones as well as the challenges. Benefited from the fast-growing dynamic investigation of 2D BP, some possible improvements and constructive perspectives are provided to guide the design of 2D BP-based energy storage devices with high performance.


Highlights:


1 Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP) possesses huge potential in electrochemical energy storage field owing to its unique electronic structure, high charge carrier mobility, and large interlayer spacing.


2 Comparison on the different preparation methods and processes, characteristics, and applications of few-layer BP is presented.


3 The applications of 2D BP in electrochemical energy storage devices in these years are well reviewed.

Keywords

2D black phosphorus Electronic structure Supercapacitors Batteries
Cheng, Junye, Lingfeng Gao, Tian Li, Shan Mei, Cong Wang, Bo Wen, Weichun Huang, Chao Li, Guangping Zheng, Hao Wang, and Han Zhang. 2020. “Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials: Emerging Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Science”. Nano-Micro Letters 12 (September):179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00510-5.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang et al., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666–669 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
  2. A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
  3. A.K. Geim, I.V. Grigorieva, Van der waals heterostructures. Nature 499, 419–425 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12385
  4. X. Zhang, Z. Lai, C. Tan, H. Zhang, Solution-processed two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets: preparation, hybridization, and applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 8816–8838 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201509933
  5. K.S. Novoselov, A. Mishchenko, A. Carvalho, A.H. CastroNeto, 2D materials and van der waals heterostructures. Science 353, aac9439 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9439
  6. A.A. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, F. Miao, C.N. Lau, Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 8, 902–907 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0731872
  7. C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, J. Hone, Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385–388 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
  8. R.R. Nair, P. Blake, A.N. Grigorenko, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth et al., Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320, 1308 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156965
  9. X. Li, X. Meng, J. Liu, D. Geng, Y. Zhang et al., Tin oxide with controlled morphology and crystallinity by atomic layer deposition onto graphene nanosheets for enhanced lithium storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 1647–1654 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201101068
  10. M. Xu, T. Liang, M. Shi, H. Chen, Graphene-like two-dimensional materials. Chem. Rev. 113, 3766–3798 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300263a
  11. M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, 25th anniversary article: MXenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials. Adv. Mater. 26, 992–1005 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304138
  12. K. Wang, Z. Lou, L.L. Wang, L.J. Zhao, S.F. Zhao et al., Bioinspired interlocked structure-induced high deformability for two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene)/natural microcapsule-based flexible pressure sensors. ACS Nano 13, 9139–9147 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b03454
  13. L.J. Zhao, K. Wang, W. Wei, L.L. Wang, W. Han, High-performance flexible sensing devices based on polyaniline/MXene nanocomposites. InfoMat 1, 407–416 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12032
  14. X. Duan, C. Wang, A. Pan, R. Yu, X. Duan, Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides as atomically thin semiconductors: opportunities and challenges. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 8859–8876 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00507h
  15. H. Liu, Y. Du, Y. Deng, P.D. Ye, Semiconducting black phosphorus: synthesis, transport properties and electronic applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 2732–2743 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00257a
  16. C. Chowdhury, A. Datta, Exotic physics and chemistry of two-dimensional phosphorus: phosphorene. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 2909–2916 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01290
  17. W. Li, Z. Yang, M. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Wei et al., Amorphous red phosphorus embedded in highly ordered mesoporous carbon with superior lithium and sodium storage capacity. Nano Lett. 16, 1546–1553 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03903
  18. S. Lin, Y. Li, W. Lu, Y.S. Chui, L. Rogée, Q. Bao, S.P. Lau, In situ observation of the thermal stability of black phosphorus. 2D Mater. 4, 2 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa55b2
  19. P.W. Bridgman, Two new modifications of phosphorus. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 36, 1344–1363 (1914). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02184a002
  20. N.A. Piro, J.S. Figueroa, J.T. McKellar, C.C. Cummins, Triple-bond reactivity of diphosphorus molecules. Science 313, 1276–1279 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1129630
  21. C.M. Park, H.J. Sohn, Black phosphorus and its composite for lithium rechargeable batteries. Adv. Mater. 19, 2465–2468 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602592
  22. L.K. Li, Y.J. Yu, G.J. Ye, Q.Q. Ge, X.D. Ou et al., Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 372–377 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.35
  23. H. Liu, A.T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X.F. Xu, D. Tománek, P.D. Ye, Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility. ACS Nano 8, 4033–4041 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn501226z
  24. W.Z. Wu, Y.J. Zhou, J. Wang, Y.B. Shao, D.G. Kong, Y.C. Gao, Y.G. Wang, The pump fluence and wavelength-dependent ultrafast carrier dynamics and optical nonlinear absorption in black phosphorus nanosheets. Nanophotonics (2020). https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0025
  25. W.L. Guo, Z. Dong, Y.J. Xu, C.L. Liu, D.C. Wei et al., Terahertz detection and imaging driven by the photothermoelectric effect in ultrashort-channel black phosphorus devices. Adv. Sci. 7, 1902699 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902699
  26. Y. Wang, M.X. He, S.B. Ma, C.H. Yang, M. Yu, G.P. Yin, P.J. Zuo, Low-temperature solution synthesis of black phosphorus from red phosphorus: crystallization mechanism and lithium ion battery applications. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11(7), 2708–2716 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00746
  27. D.N. Liu, J.H. Wang, S. Bian, Q. Liu, Y.H. Gao et al., Photoelectrochemical synthesis of ammonia with black phosphorus. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2002731 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202002731
  28. J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu et al., Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials. ACS Nano 9, 10411–10421 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b04623
  29. W.D. Ma, J.F. Lu, B.S. Wan, D.F. Peng, Q. Xu et al., Piezoelectricity in multilayer black phosphorus for piezotronics and nanogenerators. Adv. Mater. 32, 1905795 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905795
  30. V. Tran, R. Soklaski, Y.F. Liang, L. Yang, Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 89, 1–6 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.235319
  31. X.J. Zhu, T.M. Zhang, Z.J. Sun, H.L. Chen, J. Guan et al., Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution. Adv. Mater. 29, 1–7 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201605776
  32. M. Qiu, Z.T. Sun, D.K. Sang, X.G. Han, H. Zhang, C.M. Niu, Current progress in black phosphorus materials and their applications in electrochemical energy storage. Nanoscale 9, 13384–13403 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr03318d
  33. M. Batmunkh, M. Bat-Erdene, J.G. Shapter, Phosphorene and phosphorene -based materials-prospects for future applications. Adv. Mater. 28, 8586–8617 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602254
  34. G.C. Guo, X.L. Wei, D. Wang, Y.P. Luo, L.M. Liu, Pristine and defect-containing phosphorene as promising anode materials for rechargeable Li batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 11246–11252 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta01661d
  35. S. Balendhran, S. Walia, H. Nili, S. Sriram, M. Bhaskaran, Elemental analogues of graphene: silicene, germanene, stanene, and phosphorene. Small 11, 640–652 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201402041
  36. M. Mehboudi, A.M. Dorio, W.J. Zhu, A.V.D. Zande, H.O.H. Churchill et al., Two-dimensional disorder in black phosphorus and monochalcogenide monolayers. Nano Lett. 16, 1704–1712 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04613
  37. R. Hultgren, N.S. Gingrich, B.E. Warren, The atomic distribution in red and black phosphorus and the crystal structure of black phosphorus. J. Chem. Phys. 3, 351–355 (1935). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1749671
  38. R.W. Keyes, The electrical properties of black phosphorus. Phys. Rev. 92, 580–584 (1953). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.92.580
  39. A. Morita, Semiconducting black phosphorus. Appl. Phys. A Solids Surfaces 39, 227–242 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00617267
  40. F.N. Xia, H. Wang, Y.C. Jia, Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–6 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5458
  41. L.F. Gao, J.Y. Xu, Z.Y. Zhu, C.X. Hu, L. Zhang, Q. Wang, H.L. Zhang, Small molecule-assisted fabrication of black phosphorus quantum dots with a broadband nonlinear optical response. Nanoscale 8, 15132–15136 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr04773d
  42. S. Ge, L. Zhang, P. Wang, Y. Fang, Intense, stable and excitation wavelength -independent photoluminescence emission in the blue-violet region from phosphorene quantum dots. Sci. Rep. 26, 1–6 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27307
  43. X. Wang, A.M. Jones, K.L. Seyler, V. Tran, Y. Jia et al., Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 517–521 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.71
  44. S.H. Lin, Y.Y. Li, J.S. Qian, S.P. Lau, Emerging opportunities for black phosphorus in energy applications. Mater. Today Energy 12, 1–25 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2018.12.004
  45. A. Jain, A.J.H. McGaughey, Strongly anisotropic in-plane thermal transport in single-layer black phosphorene. Sci. Rep. 5, 8501 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08501
  46. J. Guan, Z. Zhu, D. Tománek, Phase coexistence and metal-insulator transition in few-layer phosphorene: a computational study. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 1–5 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.046804
  47. J. Jia, S.K. Jang, S. Lai, J. Xu, Y.J. Choi, J.H. Park, S. Lee, Plasma-treated thickness-controlled two-dimensional black phosphorus and its electronic transport properties. ACS Nano 9, 8729–8736 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b04265
  48. S. Seo, H.U. Lee, S.C. Lee, Y. Kim, H. Kim et al., Triangular black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid exfoliation. Science 6, 23736 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23736
  49. S.H. Lin, Y. Li, W. Lu, Y.S. Chui, L. Rogee, Q.L. Bao, S.P. Lau, In situ observation of the thermal stability of black phosphorus. 2D Mater. 4, 025001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa55b2
  50. G. Lee, J.Y. Lee, G.H. Lee, J. Kim, Tuning the thickness of black phosphorus via ion bombardment-free plasma etching for device performance improvement. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 6234–6239 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC01514J
  51. S. Walia, Y. Sabri, T. Ahmed, M.R. Field, R. Ramanathan et al., Defining the role of humidity in the ambient degradation of few-layer black phosphorus. 2D Mater. 4, 015025 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/4/1/015025
  52. A.S. Pawbake, M.B. Erande, S.R. Jadkar, D.J. Late, Temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy of electrochemically exfoliated few layer black phosphorus nanosheets. RSC Adv. 6, 76551 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA15996F
  53. Z. Hou, B. Yang, Y. Wang, B. Ding, X. Zhang et al., Large and anisotropic linear magnetoresistance in single crystals of black phosphorus arising from mobility fluctuations. Sci. Rep. 6, 23807 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23807
  54. J.B. Smith, D. Hagaman, H.F. Ji, Growth of 2D black phosphorus film from chemical vapor deposition. Nanotechnology 27, 215602 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/21/215602
  55. H. Muramatsu, Y.A. Kim, K.S. Yang, R. Cruz-Silva, I. Toda et al., Rice husk-derived graphene with nano-sized domains and clean edges. Small 10, 2766 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/small.201400017
  56. Z.X. Gan, L.L. Sun, X.L. Wu, M. Meng, J.C. Shen, P.K. Chu, Tunable photoluminescence from sheet-like black phosphorus crystal by electrochemical oxidation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 021901 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4926727
  57. W. Lei, G. Liu, J. Zhang, M. Liu, Black phosphorus nanostructures: recent advances in hybridization, doping and functionalization. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 3492–3509 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00021a
  58. M. Schütz, L. Maschio, A.J. Karttunen, D. Usvyat, Exfoliation energy of black phosphorus revisited: a coupled cluster benchmark. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 1290–1294 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00253
  59. L. Sun, Z.H. Zhang, H. Wang, M. Li, Electronic properties of phosphorene nanoribbons with nanoholes. RSC Adv. 8, 7486–7493 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra12351e
  60. G. Schusteritsch, M. Uhrin, C.J. Pickard, Single-layered hittorf’s phosphorus: a wide-bandgap high mobility 2D material. Nano Lett. 16, 2975–2980 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05068
  61. S.M. Kelso, D.E. Aspnes, C.G. Olson, D.W. Lynch, R.E. Nahory, M.A. Pollack, Band structure and optical properties of In1-xGaxAsyP1-y. J. Appl. Phys. 19, 327–331 (1980). https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAPS.19S3.327
  62. J.H. Lin, H. Zhang, X.L. Cheng, First-principle study on the optical response of phosphorene. Front. Phys. 10, 1–9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-015-0468-y
  63. R. Fei, L. Yang, Strain-engineering the anisotropic electrical conductance of few-layer black phosphorus. Nano Lett. 14, 2884–2889 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl500935z
  64. L. Sun, Z.H. Zhang, H. Wang, M. Li, Electronic and transport properties of zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons with nonmetallic atom terminations. RSC Adv. 10, 1400–1409 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06360a
  65. H.B. Ribeiro, M.A. Pimenta, C.J.S. De Matos, R.L. Moreira, A.S. Rodin et al., Unusual angular dependence of the Raman response in black phosphorus. ACS Nano 9, 4270–4276 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b00698
  66. D. ÇakIr, H. Sahin, F.M. Peeters, Tuning of the electronic and optical properties of single-layer black phosphorus by strain. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 90, 1–7 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.205421
  67. S.C. Dhanabalan, J.S. Ponraj, Z. Guo, S. Li, Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Emerging trends in phosphorene fabrication towards next generation devices. Adv. Sci. 4(6), 1600305 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600305
  68. L. Liang, J. Wang, W. Lin, B.G. Sumpter, V. Meunier, M. Pan, Electronic bandgap and edge reconstruction in phosphorene materials. Nano Lett. 14, 6400–6406 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl502892t
  69. C.R. Ryder, J.D. Wood, S.A. Wells, M.C. Hersam, Chemically tailoring semiconducting two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus. ACS Nano 10, 3900–3917 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b01091
  70. J. He, D. He, Y. Wang, Q. Cui, M.Z. Bellus, H.Y. Chiu, H. Zhao, Exceptional and anisotropic transport properties of photocarriers in black phosphorus. ACS Nano 9, 6436–6442 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02104
  71. T. Hu, H. Wu, H. Zeng, K. Deng, E. Kan, New ferroelectric phase in atomic-thick phosphorene nanoribbons: existence of in-plane electric polarization. Nano Lett. 16, 8015–8020 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04630
  72. M. Ezawa, Highly anisotropic physics in phosphorene. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 603, 14–15 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/603/1/012006
  73. R. Xu, J. Yang, Y. Zhu, H. Yan, J. Pei et al., Layer-dependent surface potential of phosphorene and anisotropic/layer-dependent charge transfer in phosphorene-gold hybrid systems. Nanoscale 8, 129–135 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr04366b
  74. J. Qiao, X. Kong, Z.X. Hu, F. Yang, W. Ji, High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–7 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5475
  75. X. Peng, Q. Wei, A. Copple, Strain-engineered direct-indirect band gap transition and its mechanism in two-dimensional phosphorene. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 90, 1–10 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.085402
  76. D.B. Shinde, V.K. Pillai, Electrochemical preparation of luminescent graphene quantum dots from multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Chem. A Eur. J. 18, 12522–12528 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201201043
  77. B. Sa, Y.L. Li, J. Qi, R. Ahuja, Z. Sun, Strain engineering for phosphorene: the potential application as a photocatalyst. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 26560–26568 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp508618t
  78. G. Zhang, S. Huang, A. Chaves, C. Song, V.O. Özçelik, T. Low, H. Yan, Infrared fingerprints of few-layer black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 8, 14071 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14071
  79. Y. Zhang, Z.F. Wu, P.F. Gao, D.Q. Fang, E.H. Zhang, S.L. Zhang, Structural, elastic, electronic, and optical properties of the tricycle-like phosphorene. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 2245–2251 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07575d
  80. Y. Liu, K.W. Ang, Monolithically integrated flexible black phosphorus complementary inverter circuits. ACS Nano 11, 7416–7423 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03703
  81. W. Zhu, M.N. Yogeesh, S. Yang, S.H. Aldave, J. Kim et al., Flexible black phosphorus ambipolar transistors, circuits and AM demodulator. Nano Lett. 15, 1883–1890 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5047329
  82. X. Li, B. Deng, X. Wang, S. Chen, M. Vaisman et al., Synthesis of thin-film black phosphorus on a flexible substrate. 2D Mater. 2, 3 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/2/3/031002
  83. W. Zhu, S. Park, M.N. Yogeesh, K.M. McNicholas, S.R. Bank, D. Akinwande, Black phosphorus flexible thin film transistors at gighertz frequencies. Nano Lett. 16, 2301–2306 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04768
  84. Q. Wei, X. Peng, Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few-layer black phosphorus. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 251915 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4885215
  85. Y. Cai, Q. Ke, G. Zhang, Y.P. Feng, V.B. Shenoy, Y.W. Zhang, Giant phononic anisotropy and unusual anharmonicity of phosphorene: interlayer coupling and strain engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 2230–2236 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201404294
  86. Z.Y. Ong, Y. Cai, G. Zhang, Y.W. Zhang, Strong thermal transport anisotropy and strain modulation in single-layer phosphorene. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 25272–25277 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5079357
  87. S. Appalakondaiah, G. Vaitheeswaran, S. Lebègue, N.E. Christensen, A. Svane, Effect of van der waals interactions on the structural and elastic properties of black phosphorus. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 86, 1–9 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.035105
  88. J.W. Jiang, H.S. Park, Mechanical properties of single-layer black phosphorus. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 47, 38 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/38/385304
  89. X. Liu, J.D. Wood, K.S. Chen, E. Cho, M.C. Hersam, In situ thermal decomposition of exfoliated two-dimensional black phosphorus. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 773–778 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00043
  90. L. Zhu, G. Zhang, B. Li, Coexistence of size-dependent and size-independent thermal conductivities in phosphorene. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 90, 2–7 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.214302
  91. H. Jang, J.D. Wood, C.R. Ryder, M.C. Hersam, D.G. Cahill, Anisotropic thermal conductivity of exfoliated black phosphorus. Adv. Mater. 27, 8017–8022 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503466
  92. L. Guan, B.R. Xing, X.Y. Niu, D. Wang, Y. Yu et al., Metal-assisted exfoliation of few-layer black phosphorus with high yield. Chem. Commun. 54, 595–598 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC08488A
  93. Y. Song, S. Chang, S. Gradecak, J. Kong, Visibly-transparent organic solar cells on flexible substrates with all-graphene electrodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1–8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600847
  94. G. Sansone, L. Maschio, D. Usvyat, M. Schütz, A. Karttunen, Toward an accurate estimate of the exfoliation energy of black phosphorus: a periodic quantum chemical approach. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 131–136 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02174
  95. L.X. Benedict, N.G. Chopra, M.L. Cohen, A. Zettl, S.G. Louie, V.H. Crespi, Microscopic determination of the interlayer binding energy in graphite. Chem. Phys. Lett. 286, 490–496 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(97)01466-8
  96. S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J.S. Park et al., Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 574–578 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.132
  97. D. Lee, E. Hwang, Y. Lee, Y. Choi, J.S. Kim, S. Lee, J.H. Cho, Multibit MoS2 photoelectronic memory with ultrahigh sensitivity. Adv. Mater. 28, 9196–9202 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603571
  98. S. Li, B.N. Peele, C.M. Larson, H. Zhao, R.F. Shepherd, A stretchable multicolor display and touch interface using photopatterning and transfer printing. Adv. Mater. 28, 9770–9775 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603408
  99. Q. Zhang, Z. Chang, G. Xu, Z. Wang, Y. Zhang et al., Strain relaxation of monolayer WS2 on plastic substrate. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 8707–8714 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603064
  100. A. Castellanos-Gomez, M. Buscema, R. Molenaar, V. Singh, L. Janssen, H.S.J. VanDerZant, G.A. Steele, Deterministic transfer of two-dimensional materials by all-dry viscoelastic stamping. 2D Mater. 1, 1 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/1/1/011002
  101. Q.H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J.N. Coleman, M.S. Strano, Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 699–712 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.193
  102. S. Wu, K.S. Hui, K.N. Hui, 2D black phosphorus: from preparation to applications for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Sci. 5, 1700491 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700491
  103. A. Favron, E. Gaufrès, F. Fossard, A.L. Phaneuf-Laheureux, N.Y.W. Tang et al., Photooxidation and quantum confinement effects in exfoliated black phosphorus. Nat. Mater. 14, 826–832 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4299
  104. M. Buscema, D.J. Groenendijk, S.I. Blanter, G.A. Steele, H.S.J. VanDerZant, A. Castellanos-Gomez, Fast and broadband photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nano Lett. 14, 3347–3352 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5008085
  105. Z. Luo, J. Maassen, Y. Deng, Y. Du, R.P. Garrelts et al., Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in few-layer black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–8 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9572
  106. Z.N. Guo, H. Zhang, S.B. Lu, Z.T. Wang, S.Y. Tang et al., From black phosphorus to phosphorene: basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(45), 6996–7002 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502902
  107. V. Nicolosi, M. Chhowalla, M.G. Kanatzidis, M.S. Strano, J.N. Coleman, Liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 340, 72–75 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226419
  108. C. Zhu, F. Xu, L. Zhang, M. Li, J. Chen et al., Ultrafast preparation of black phosphorus quantum dots for efficient humidity sensing. Chem. A Eur. J. 22, 7357–7362 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201600719
  109. A. Gupta, T. Sakthivel, S. Seal, Recent development in 2D materials beyond graphene. Prog. Mater Sci. 73, 44–126 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.02.002
  110. V. Sresht, A.A.H. Pádua, D. Blankschtein, Liquid-phase exfoliation of phos- phorene: design rules from molecular dynamics simulations. ACS Nano 9, 8255–8268 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02683
  111. Z. Sun, H. Xie, S. Tang, X.F. Yu et al., Ultrasmall black phosphorus quantum dots: synthesis and use as photothermal agents. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 11526–11530 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201506154
  112. Z. Guo, H. Zhang, S. Lu, Z. Wang, S. Tang et al., From black phosphorus to phosphorene: basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of Raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 6996–7002 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502902
  113. J. Kang, J.D. Wood, S.A. Wells, J.H. Lee, X. Liu, K.S. Chen, M.C. Hersam, Solvent exfoliation of electronic-grade, two-dimensional black phosphorus. ACS Nano 9, 3596–3604 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01143
  114. J.R. Brent, N. Savjani, E.A. Lewis, S.J. Haigh, D.J. Lewis, P. O’Brien, Production of few-layer phosphorene by liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus. Chem. Commun. 50, 13338–13341 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc05752j
  115. D. Hanlon, C. Backes, E. Doherty, C.S. Cucinotta, N.C. Berner et al., Liquid exfoliation of solvent-stabilized few-layer black phosphorus for applications beyond electronics. Nat. Commun. 6, 8563 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9563
  116. P. Yasaei, B. Kumar, T. Foroozan, C. Wang, M. Asadi et al., High-quality black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid-phase exfoliation. Adv. Mater. 27, 1887–1892 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405150
  117. A.H. Woomer, T.W. Farnsworth, J. Hu, R.A. Wells, C.L. Donley, S.C. Warren, Phosphorene: synthesis, scale-up, and quantitative optical spectroscopy. ACS Nano 9, 8869–8884 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02599
  118. A. Ciesielski, P. Samorì, Graphene via sonication assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 381–398 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60217f
  119. E.A. Lewis, J.R. Brent, B. Derby, S.J. Haigh, D.J. Lewis, Solution processing of two-dimensional black phosphorus. Chem. Commun. 53, 1445–1458 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cc09658a
  120. X. Cui, C. Zhang, R. Hao, Y. Hou, Liquid-phase exfoliation, functionalization and applications of graphene. Nanoscale 3, 2118–2126 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10127g
  121. S. Lin, Y. Chui, Y. Li, S.P. Lau, Liquid-phase exfoliation of black phosphorus and its applications. FlatChem 2, 15–37 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2017.03.001
  122. W. Zhao, Z. Xue, J. Wang, J. Jiang, X. Zhao, T. Mu, Large-scale, highly efficient, and green liquid-exfoliation of black phosphorus in ionic liquids. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7, 27608–27612 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b10734
  123. Z. Liu, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Yao, J. Dai, S. Das, L. Hu, Solvo-thermal microwave-powered two-dimensional material exfoliation. Chem. Commun. 52, 5757–5760 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cc10546c
  124. M. Matsumoto, Y. Saito, C. Park, T. Fukushima, T. Aida, Ultrahigh-throughput exfoliation of graphite into pristine “single-layer” graphene using microwaves and molecularly engineered ionic liquids. Nat. Chem. 7, 730–736 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2315
  125. D. Voiry, J. Yang, J. Kupferberg, R. Fullon, C. Lee et al., High-quality graphene via microwave reduction of solution -exfoliated graphene oxide. Science 353, 1413–1416 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah3398
  126. J. Kang, S.A. Wells, J.D. Wood, J.H. Lee, X. Liu et al., Stable aqueous dispersions of optically and electronically active phosphorene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 11688–11693 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602215113
  127. K. Parvez, Z.S. Wu, R. Li, X. Liu, R. Graf, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous solutions of inorganic salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 6083–6091 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja5017156
  128. Z. Zeng, T. Sun, J. Zhu, X. Huang, Z. Yin et al., An effective method for the fabrication of few-layer-thick inorganic nanosheets. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 9052–9056 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201204208
  129. M.B. Erande, M.S. Pawar, D.J. Late, Humidity sensing and photodetection behavior of electrochemically exfoliated atomically thin-layered black phosphorus nanosheets. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8, 11548–11556 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b10247
  130. M.B. Erande, S.R. Suryawanshi, M.A. More, D.J. Late, Electrochemically exfoliated black phosphorus nanosheets-prospective field emitters. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 3102–3107 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201500145
  131. Z. Huang, H. Hou, Y. Zhang, C. Wang, X. Qiu, X. Ji, Layer-tunable phosphorene modulated by the cation insertion rate as a sodium-storage anode. Adv. Mater. 29, 1–7 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702372
  132. H. Wang, X. Yang, W. Shao, S. Chen, J. Xie et al., Ultrathin black phosphorus nanosheets for efficient singlet oxygen generation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 11376–11382 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b06025
  133. A. Ambrosi, Z. Sofer, M. Pumera, Electrochemical exfoliation of layered black phosphorus into phosphorene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 129, 10579–10581 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201705071
  134. Z.N. Guo, H. Zhang, S.B. Lu, Z.T. Wang, S.Y. Tang et al., From black phosphorus to phosphorene: basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of Raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 7100 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201570292
  135. S.K. Jang, J. Youn, Y.J. Song, S.J. Lee, Synthesis and characterization of hexagonal boron nitride as a gate dielectric. Sci. Rep. 6, 30449 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30449
  136. Y.H. Lee, X.Q. Zhang, W. Zhang, M.T. Chang, C.T. Lin et al., Synthesis of large-area MoS2 atomic layers with chemical vapor deposition. Adv. Mater. 24, 2320–2325 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104798
  137. L. Chen, G. Zhou, Z. Liu, X. Ma, J. Chen et al., Scalable clean exfoliation of high-quality few-layer black phosphorus for a flexible lithium ion battery. Adv. Mater. 28, 510–517 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503678
  138. J.B. Smith, D. Hagaman, H.F. Ji, Growth of 2D black phosphorus film from chemical vapor deposition. Nanotechnology 27, 21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/21/215602
  139. Y. Guo, S. Zhou, J. Zhang, Y. Bai, J. Zhao, Atomic structures and electronic properties of phosphorene grain boundaries. 2D Mater. 3, 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/3/2/025008
  140. Y. Yu, J.D. Yao, X.Y. Niu, B.R. Xing, Y.L. Liu et al., Synthesis and electrical properties of single crystalline black phosphorus nanoribbons. CrystEngComm 22, 3824–3830 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CE00390E
  141. M. Mehboudi, K. Utt, H. Terrones, E.O. Harriss, A.A.P. SanJuan, S. Barraza-Lopez, Strain and the optoelectronic properties of nonplanar phosphorene monolayers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 5888–5892 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500633112
  142. M. Liu, S. Feng, Y. Hou, S. Zhao, L. Tang et al., High yield growth and doping of black phosphorus with tunable electronic properties. Mater. Today 36, 91–101 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.12.027
  143. P. Yasaei, B. Kumar, T. Foroozan, C. Wang, M. Asadi et al., High-quality black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid-phase exfoliation. Adv. Mater. 11, 1887–1892 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405150
  144. J. Li, Z.S. Gao, X.X. Ke, Y.Y. Lv, H.L. Zhang et al., Growth of black phosphorus nanobelts and microbelts. Small 1, 1702501 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702501
  145. T. Nilges, M. Kersting, T. Pfeifer, A fast low-pressure transport route to large black phosphorus single crystals. J. Solid State Chem. 181(8), 1707–1711 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2008.03.008
  146. M. Köpf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger et al., Access and in situ growth of phosphorene precursor black phosphorus. J. Cryst. Growth (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2008.03.008
  147. S.C. Xu, B.Y. Man, S.Z. Jiang, A.H. Liu, G.D. Hu et al., Direct synthesis of graphene on any nonmetallic substrate based on KrF laser ablation of ordered pyrolytic graphite. Laser Phys. Lett. 11, 096001 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/11/9/096001
  148. Y. Bleu, F. Bourquard, T. Tite, A.S. Loir, C. Maddi, C. Donnet, F. Garreli, Review of graphene growth from a solid carbon source by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Front. Chem. 6, 572 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00572
  149. Z. Yang, J. Hao, S. Yuan, S. Lin, H.M. Yau, J. Dai, S.P. Lau, Field-effect transistors based on amorphous black phosphorus ultrathin films by pulsed laser deposition. Adv. Mater. 27, 3748–3754 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500990
  150. C. Li, Y. Wu, B. Deng, Y. Xie, Q. Guo et al., Synthesis of crystalline black phosphorus thin film on sapphire. Adv. Mater. 30, 1–8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703748
  151. Y.Y. Zhang, X.H. Rui, Y.X. Tang, Y.Q. Liu, J.Q. Wei et al., Wet-chemical processing of phosphorus composite nanosheets for high-rate and high-capacity lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1502409 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201502409
  152. Y. Du, Z. Yin, J. Zhu, X. Huang, X.J. Wu, Z. Zeng, Q. Yan, H. Zhang, A general method for the large-scale synthesis of uniform ultrathin metal sulphide nanocrystals. Nat. Commun. 3, 1–7 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2181
  153. D. Yoo, M. Kim, S. Jeong, J. Han, J. Cheon, Chemical synthetic strategy for single-layer transition-metal chalcogenides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 14670–14673 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja5079943
  154. J.S. Son, J.H. Yu, S.G. Kwon, J. Lee, J. Joo, T. Hyeon, Colloidal synthesis of ultrathin two-dimensional semiconductor nanocrystals. Adv. Mater. 23, 3214–3219 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201101334
  155. Z. Sun, T. Liao, Y. Dou, S.M. Hwang, M.S. Park et al., Generalized self-assembly of scalable two-dimensional transition metal oxide nanosheets. Nat. Commun. 5, 3813 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4813
  156. M. Choucair, P. Thordarson, J.A. Stride, Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 30–33 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.365
  157. Y. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, H. Zhang, X.F. Yu, Solvothermal synthesis and ultrafast photonics of black phosphorus quantum dots. Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, 1223–1229 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201600214
  158. S.Q. Fan, J.S. Qiao, J.W. Lai, H.C. Hei, Z.H. Feng et al., Wet chemical method for black phosphorus thinning and passivation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11, 9213–9222 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b21655
  159. X.X. Shi, Y.P. Pang, B.C. Wang, H. Sun, X.T. Wang et al., In situ forming LiF nano-decorated electrolyte/electrode interfaces for stable all-solid-state batteries. Mater. Today Nano 10, 100079 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2020.100079
  160. L. Lu, X. Han, J. Li, J. Hua, M. Ouyang, A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles. J. Power Sour. 226, 272–288 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.060
  161. M. Armand, J.M. Tarascon, Building better batteries. Nature 451, 652–657 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/451652a
  162. J.B. Goodenough, K.S. Park, The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 1167–1176 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3091438
  163. G.S. Zakharova, C. Jähne, A. Popa, C. Täschner, T. Gemming et al., Anatase nanotubes as an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 8714–8720 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp300955r
  164. J. Qian, X. Wu, Y. Cao, X. Ai, H. Yang, High capacity and rate capability of amorphous phosphorus for sodium ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 4633–4636 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201209689
  165. H. Jin, H. Wang, Z. Qi, D. Bin, T. Zhang et al., A black phosphorus-graphite composite anode for Li-/Na-/K-ion Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59(6), 2318–2322 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201913129
  166. M. Winter, J.O. Besenhard, M.E. Spahr, P. Novák, Insertion electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Adv. Mater. 10, 725–763 (1998)
  167. Y. Xue, Q. Zhang, W. Wang, H. Cao, Q. Yang, L. Fu, Opening two-dimensional materials for energy conversion and storage: a concept. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1–23 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602684
  168. Y. Xue, Q. Zhang, T. Zhang, L. Fu, Black phosphorus: properties, synthesis, and applications in energy conversion and storage. ChemNanoMat 3, 352–361 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201700030
  169. H.Y. Xu, C.X. Peng, Y.H. Yan, F. Dong, H. Sun, J.H. Yang, S.Y. Zheng, “All-In-One” integrated ultrathin SnS2@3D multichannel carbon matrix power high-areal-capacity lithium battery anode. Carbon Energy 1, 276–288 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.22
  170. N. Nitta, F. Wu, J.T. Lee, G. Yush, Li-ion battery materials: present and future. Mater. Today 18, 252–264 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.040
  171. Z. Chang, Y. Yang, X. Wang, M. Li, Z. Fu, Y. Wu, R. Holze, Hybrid system for rechargeable magnesium battery with high energy density. Sci. Rep. 5, 1–8 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11931
  172. L.E. Marbella, M.L. Evans, M.F. Groh, J. Nelson, K.J. Griffith, A.J. Morris, C.P. Grey, Sodiation and desodiation via helical phosphorus intermediates in high-capacity anodes for sodium-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140(25), 7994–8004 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b04183
  173. S.S. Liang, W.Q. Yan, X. Wu, Y. Zhang, Y.S. Zhu, H.W. Wang, Y.P. Wu, Gel polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries: fabrication, characterization and performance. Solid State Ionics 318, 2–18 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2017.12.023
  174. Y. Xue, Q. Zhang, W. Wang, H. Cao, Q. Yang, L. Fu, Opening two -dimensional materials for energy conversion and storage: a concept. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1602684 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602684
  175. L. Zhang, J. Deng, L. Liu, W. Si, S. Oswald et al., Hierarchically designed SiOx/SiOy bilayer nanomembranes as stable anodes for lithium ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 26, 4527–4532 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201401194
  176. J.M. Tarascon, M. Armand, Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 414, 359–367 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35104644
  177. J.W. Fergus, Recent developments in cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sour. 195, 939–954 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.089
  178. W. Wang, X. Yue, J. Meng, J. Wang, X. Wang et al., Lithium phosphorus oxynitride as an efficient protective layer on lithium metal anodes for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 18, 414–422 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.08.010
  179. X. Wei, X. Wang, Q. An, C. Han, L. Mai, Operando x-ray diffraction characterization for understanding the intrinsic electrochemical mechanism in rechargeable battery materials. Small Methods 1, 1700083 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700083
  180. V. Etacheri, R. Marom, R. Elazari, G. Salitra, D. Aurbach, Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries: a review. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 3243–3262 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EE01598B
  181. S. Zhao, W. Kang, J. Xue, The potential application of phosphorene as an anode material in Li-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 19046–19052 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04368e
  182. W. Li, Y. Yang, G. Zhang, Y.W. Zhang, Ultrafast and directional diffusion of lithium in phosphorene for high-performance lithium-ion battery. Nano Lett. 15, 1691–1697 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl504336h
  183. G.C. Guo, D. Wang, X.L. Wei, Q. Zhang, H. Liu, W.M. Lau, L.M. Liu, First-principles study of phosphorene and graphene heterostructure as anode materials for rechargeable Li batteries. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 5002–5008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02513
  184. Y.P. Zhang, L.L. Wang, H. Xu, J.M. Cao, D. Chen, W. Han, 3D chemical cross-linking structure of black phosphorus@ CNTs hybrid as a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1909372 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201909372
  185. C. Zhang, M. Yu, G. Anderson, R.R. Dharmasena, G. Sumanasekera, The prospects of phosphorene as an anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries: a fundamental study. Nanotechnology 28, 7 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa52ac
  186. Q.F. Li, C.G. Duan, X.G. Wan, J.L. Kuo, Theoretical prediction of anode materials in Li-ion batteries on layered black and blue phosphorus. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 8662–8670 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp512411g
  187. Y. Zhang, H. Wang, Z. Luo, H.T. Tan, B. Li et al., An air-stable densely packed phosphorene-graphene composite toward advanced lithium storage properties. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1–9 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600453
  188. J.O. Island, G.A. Steele, H.S.J. Van Der Zant, A. Castellanos-Gomez, Environmental instability of few-layer black phosphorus. 2D Mater. 2, 1 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/2/1/011002
  189. G. Xu, Y.Y. Liu, J.W. Hong, D.N. Fang, Lithium intercalation drives mechanical properties deterioration in bulk and single-layered black phosphorus: a first-principles study. 2D Mater. 7, 025028 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab6705
  190. A. Ziletti, A. Carvalho, D.K. Campbell, D.F. Coker, A.H. CastroNeto, Oxygen defects in phosphorene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 26–29 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.046801
  191. G. Wang, W.J. Slough, R. Pandey, S.P. Karna, Degradation of phosphorene in air: understanding at atomic level. 2D Mater. 3, 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/3/2/025011
  192. S. Walia, Y. Sabri, T. Ahmed, M.R. Field, R. Ramanathan et al., Defining the role of humidity in the ambient degradation of few-layer black phosphorus. 2D Mater. 4, 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/4/1/015025
  193. Q. Zhou, Q. Chen, Y. Tong, J. Wang, Light-induced ambient degradation of few-layer black phosphorus: mechanism and protection. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 11437–11441 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201605168
  194. H. Hou, Q. Xu, Y. Pang, L. Li, J. Wang, C. Zhang, C. Sun, Efficient storing energy harvested by triboelectric nanogenerators using a safe and durable all-solid-state sodium-ion battery. Adv. Sci. 4, 1–5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700072
  195. X. Xiong, G. Wang, Y. Lin, Y. Wang, X. Ou, F. Zheng, C. Yang, J. Wang, M. Liu, Enhancing sodium ion battery performance by strongly binding nanostructured Sb2S3 on sulfur-doped graphene sheets. ACS Nano 10, 10953–10959 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05653
  196. M.S. Balogun, Y. Luo, W. Qiu, P. Liu, Y. Tong, A review of carbon materials and their composites with alloy metals for sodium ion battery anodes. Carbon 98, 162–178 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.091
  197. M. Sheng, F. Zhang, B. Ji, X. Tong, Y. Tang, A novel tin-graphite dual-ion battery based on sodium-ion electrolyte with high energy density. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1601963 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601963
  198. Y. Jiang, S. Yu, B. Wang, Y. Li, W. Sun et al., Prussian blue@C composite as an ultrahigh-rate and long-life sodium-ion battery cathode. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 5315–5321 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201600747
  199. Y. Xu, Q. Wei, C. Xu, Q. Li, Q. An et al., Layer-by-layer Na3V2(PO4)3 embedded in reduced graphene oxide as superior rate and ultralong-life sodium-ion battery cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1–9 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600389
  200. E.E.S. Fonsaca, S.H. Domingues, E.S. Orth, A.J.G. Zarbin, A black phosphorus-based cathode for aqueous Na-ion batteries operating under ambient conditions. Chem. Commun. 56, 802–805 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CC09279
  201. X. Guo, W.X. Zhang, J.Q. Zhang, D. Zhou, X. Tang et al., Boosting sodium storage in two-dimensional phosphorene/Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoarchitectures with stable fluorinated interphase. ACS Nano 14, 3651–3659 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c00177
  202. J.L. Tang, A.D. Dysart, V.G. Pol, Advancement in sodium-ion rechargeable batteries. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 9, 34–41 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2015.08.007
  203. V.V. Kulish, O.I. Malyi, C. Persson, P. Wu, Phosphorene as an anode material for Na-ion batteries: a first-principles study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 13921–13928 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cp01502b
  204. J. Sun, H.W. Lee, M. Pasta, H. Yuan, G. Zheng et al., A phosphorene-graphene hybrid material as a high-capacity anode for sodium-ion batteries. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 980–985 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.194
  205. A. Nie, Y. Cheng, S. Ning, T. Foroozan, P. Yasaei et al., Selective ionic transport pathways in phosphorene. Nano Lett. 16, 2240–2247 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04514
  206. K. Amine, R. Kanno, Y. Tzeng, Rechargeable lithium batteries and beyond: progress, challenges, and future directions. MRS Bull. 39, 395–401 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.62
  207. I. Shterenberg, M. Salama, Y. Gofer, E. Levi, D. Aurbach, The challenge of developing rechargeable magnesium batteries. MRS Bull. 39, 453–460 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.61
  208. X. Ren, P. Lian, D. Xie, Y. Yang, Y. Mei et al., Properties, preparation and application of black phosphorus/phosphorene for energy storage: a review. J. Mater. Sci. 52, 10364–10386 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1194-3
  209. W. Jin, Z. Wang, Y.Q. Fu, Monolayer black phosphorus as potential anode materials for Mg-ion batteries. J. Mater. Sci. 51, 7355–7360 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0023-4
  210. S. Banerjee, S.K. Pati, Anodic performance of black phosphorus in magnesium-ion batteries: the significance of Mg-P bond-synergy. Chem. Commun. 52, 8381–8384 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cc04236h
  211. K.P.S.S. Hembram, H. Jung, B.C. Yeo, S.J. Pai, H.J. Lee, K.R. Lee, S.S. Han, A comparative first-principles study of the lithiation, sodiation, and magnesiation of black phosphorus for Li-, Na-, and Mg-ion batteries. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 21391–21397 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02049f
  212. W.W. Yang, Y.X. Lu, C.X. Zhao, H.L. Liu, First-principles study of black phosphorus as anode material for rechargeable potassium-ion batteries. Electron. Mater. Lett. 16, 89–98 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13391-019-00178-z
  213. H.C. Jin, H.Y. Wang, Z.K. Qi, D.S. Bin, T.M. Zhang et al., A black phosphorus-graphite composite anode for Li−/Na−/K− ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59, 2318–2322 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201913129
  214. C. Song, C. Peng, Z. Bian, F. Dong, H. Xu, J. Yang, S. Zheng, Stable and fast lithium-sulfur battery achieved by rational design of multifunctional separator. Energy Environ. Mater. 2, 216–224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12036
  215. S. Zheng, Y. Wen, Y. Zhu, Z. Han, J. Wang, J. Yang, C. Wang, In-situ sulfur reduction and intercalation of graphite oxides for Li–S battery cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 4(16), 1400482 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400482
  216. S. Evers, L.F. Nazar, New approaches for high energy density lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 1135–1143 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar3001348
  217. P.G. Bruce, S.A. Freunberger, L.J. Hardwick, J.M. Tarascon, Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage. Nat. Mater. 11, 19–29 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3191
  218. L. Ji, P. Meduri, V. Agubra, X. Xiao, M. Alcoutlabi, Graphene-based nanocomposites for energy storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1502159 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201502159
  219. S. Rehman, T. Tang, Z. Ali, X. Huang, Y. Hou, Integrated design of MnO2 @carbon hollow nanoboxes to synergistically encapsulate polysulfides for empowering lithium sulfur batteries. Small 13, 1–8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201700087
  220. L. Oakes, R. Carter, C.L. Pint, Nanoscale defect engineering of lithium-sulfur battery composite cathodes for improved performance. Nanoscale 8, 19368–19375 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr06332b
  221. X. Tao, J. Wan, C. Liu, H. Wang, H. Yao et al., Balancing surface adsorption and diffusion of lithium-polysulfides on nonconductive oxides for lithium-sulfur battery design. Nat. Commun. 7, 11203 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11203
  222. X. Fang, W. Weng, J. Ren, H. Peng, A cable-shaped lithium sulfur battery. Adv. Mater. 28, 491–496 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504241
  223. L. Qie, C. Zu, A. Manthiram, A high energy lithium-sulfur battery with ultrahigh-loading lithium polysulfide cathode and its failure mechanism. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1–7 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201502459
  224. W. Lv, Z. Li, Y. Deng, Q.H. Yang, F. Kang, Graphene-based materials for electrochemical energy storage devices: opportunities and challenges. Energy Storage Mater. 2, 107–138 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2015.10.002
  225. L. Li, L. Chen, S. Mukherjee, J. Gao, H. Sun et al., Phosphorene as a polysulfide immobilizer and catalyst in high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 29, 1–8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602734
  226. J. Zhao, Y. Yang, R.S. Katiyar, Z. Chen, Phosphorene as a promising anchoring material for lithium-sulfur batteries: a computational study. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 6124–6130 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00871b
  227. T. Chen, L. Dai, Flexible supercapacitors based on carbon nanomaterials. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 10756–10775 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta00567h
  228. X. Wang, Y. Chen, O.G. Schmidt, C. Yan, Engineered nanomembranes for smart energy storage devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 1308–1330 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00708a
  229. C.X. Hao, B.C. Yang, F.S. Wen, J.Y. Xiang, L. Li et al., Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors based on liquid-exfoliated black-phosphorus nanoflakes. Adv. Mater. 28, 3194–3201 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505730
  230. A. Sajedi-Moghaddam, C.C. Mayorga-Martinez, Z.K. Sofer, D. Bouša, E. Saievar-Iranizad, M. Pumera, Black phosphorus nanoflakes/polyaniline hybrid material for high-performance pseudocapacitors. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 20532–20538 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b06958
  231. L. Jiang, L. Sheng, C. Long, T. Wei, Z. Fan, Functional pillared graphene frameworks for ultrahigh volumetric performance supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1–9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500771
  232. H. Li, Y. Hou, F. Wang, M.R. Lohe, X. Zhuang, L. Niu, X. Feng, Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitances boosted by solution processable MXene and electrochemically exfoliated graphene. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 2–7 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601847
  233. Z.S. Wu, K. Parvez, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Graphene-based in-plane micro-supercapacitors with high power and energy densities. Nat. Commun. 4, 2487 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3487
  234. M.F. El-kady, R.B. Kaner, Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage. Nat. Commun. 4, 1475 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2446
  235. H. Xiao, Z.S. Wu, L. Chen, F. Zhou, S. Zheng et al., One-step device fabrication of phosphorene and graphene interdigital micro-supercapacitors with high energy density. ACS Nano 11, 7284–7292 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03288
  236. B. Mortazavi, O. Rahaman, S. Ahzi, T. Rabczuk, Flat borophene films as anode materials for Mg, Na or Li-ion batteries with ultra high capacities: a first-principles study. Appl. Mater. Today 8, 60–67 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.04.010
  237. F.F. Zhu, W.J. Chen, Y. Xu, C.L. Gao, D.D. Guan et al., Epitaxial growth of two-dimensional stanene. Nat. Mater. 14, 1020–1025 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4384
  238. B. Mortazavi, A. Dianat, G. Cuniberti, T. Rabczuk, Application of silicene, germanene and stanene for Na or Li ion storage: a theoretical investigation. Electrochim. Acta 213, 865–870 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.027
  239. A. Kumar, P. AnnLin, A. Xue, B. Hao, Y. KhinYap, R.M. Sankaran, Formation of nanodiamonds at near-ambient conditions via microplasma dissociation of ethanol vapour. Nat. Commun. 4, 2618 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3618
  240. M. Naguib, M. Kurtoglu, V. Presser, J. Lu, J. Niu et al., Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Adv. Mater. 23, 4248–4253 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102306
  241. Y. Chen, M. Wu, P. Tang, S. Chen, J. Du et al., The formation of various multi-soliton patterns and noise-like pulse in a fiber laser passively mode-locked by a topological insulator based saturable absorber. Laser Phys. Lett. 11, 5 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/11/5/055101
  242. Q. Wu, S. Chen, Y. Wang, L. Wu, X. Jiang et al., MZI-based all-optical modulator using MXene Ti3C2Tx (T = F, O, or OH) deposited microfiber. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4, 1–10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800532
  243. X. Jiang, S. Liu, W. Liang, S. Luo, Z. He et al., Broadband nonlinear photonics in few-layer MXene Ti3C2Tx (T = F, O, or OH). Laser Photon. Rev. 12(2), 1700229 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201700229
  244. Q. Tang, Z. Zhou, P. Shen, Are MXenes promising anode materials for Li ion batteries? Computational studies on electronic properties and Li storage capability of Ti3C2 and Ti3C2X2 (X = F, OH) monolayer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 16909–16916 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja308463r
  245. A. Byeon, M.Q. Zhao, C.E. Ren, J. Halim, S. Kota et al., Two-dimensional titanium carbide MXene as a cathode material for hybrid magnesium/lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 9, 4296–4300 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b04198
  246. D.Q. Zhang, T.T. Liu, J.Y. Cheng, Q. Cao, G.P. Zheng et al., Lightweight and high-performance microwave absorber based on 2D WS2-RGO heterostructures. Nano-Micro Lett. 11, 38 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0270-4
  247. D.Q. Zhang, H.B. Zhang, J.Y. Cheng, H. Raza, T.T. Liu et al., Customizing coaxial stacking VS2 nanosheets for dual-band microwave absorption with superior performance in the C- and Ku-bands. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 5923 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201701166
  248. D.Q. Zhang, Y.F. Xiong, J.Y. Cheng, J.X. Chai, T.T. Liu et al., Synergetic dielectric loss and magnetic loss towards superior microwave absorption through hybridization of few-layer WS2 nanosheets with NiO nanoparticles. Sci. Bull. 65, 138–146 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.10.011
  249. L. Zhang, W. Fan, T. Liu, Flexible hierarchical membranes of WS2 nanosheets grown on graphene-wrapped electrospun carbon nanofibers as advanced anodes for highly reversible lithium storage. Nanoscale 8, 16387–16394 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR04241D
  250. T. Stephenson, Z. Li, B. Olsen, D. Mitlin, Lithium ion battery applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanocomposites. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 209–231 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee42591f
  251. C. Zhao, J. Kong, X. Yao, X. Tang, Y. Dong, S.L. Phua, X. Lu, Thin MoS2 nanoflakes encapsulated in carbon nanofibers as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6, 6392–6398 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am4058088
  252. Z. Wang, M. Liu, G. Wei, P. Han, X. Zhao, J. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Zhang, Hierarchical self-supported C@TiO2-MoS2 core-shell nanofiber mats as flexible anode for advanced lithium ion batteries. Appl. Surf. Sci. 423, 375–382 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.129
  253. Y. Liu, W. Wang, H. Huang, L. Gu, Y. Wang, X. Peng, The highly enhanced performance of lamellar WS2 nanosheet electrodes upon intercalation of single-walled carbon nanotubes for supercapacitors and lithium ions batteries. Chem. Commun. 50, 4485–4488 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc01622j
  254. U.K. Sen, S. Mitra, Electrochemical activity of α-MoO3 nano-belts as lithium-ion battery cathode. RSC Adv. 2, 11123–11131 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21373g
  255. X.Y. Xue, B. He, S. Yuan, L.L. Xing, Z.H. Chen, C.H. Ma, SnO2/WO3 core-shell nanorods and their high reversible capacity as lithium-ion battery anodes. Nanotechnology 22, 39 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/39/395702
  256. D. Su, G. Wang, Single-crystalline bilayered V2O5 nanobelts for high-capacity sodium-ion batteries. ACS Nano 7, 11218–11226 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405014d
  257. K. Ma, X. Liu, Q. Cheng, P. Saha, H. Jiang, C. Li, Flexible textile electrode with high areal capacity from hierarchical V2O5 nanosheet arrays. J. Power Sour. 357, 71–76 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.105
  258. D. Kong, X. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Hai, B. Wang, X. Qiu, Q. Song, Q. Yang, L. Zhi, Encapsulating V2O5 into carbon nanotubes enables the synthesis of flexible high-performance lithium ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 906–911 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03345d
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 12680 Download : 9610

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 4