Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Droplet-Merging and Dissolution-Induced Intermediate State Strategy Enabled Efficiency > 17.5% for the Printed Organic Solar Cells

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02268-8
Lifeng Sang
School of Nano‑Tech and Nano‑Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
Xingze Chen
i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Chen Chen
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
Yuanyuan Jiang
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Qing Zhang
Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Ni Yin
i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Yue Guo
Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Wei Li
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
Tao Wang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
Xiaozhang Zhu
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Qi Chen
School of Nano‑Tech and Nano‑Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
Chang‑Qi Ma
School of Nano‑Tech and Nano‑Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
Qun Luo
School of Nano‑Tech and Nano‑Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Qun Luo

qluo2011@sinano.ac.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 425

Abstract

Molecular pre-aggregation behavior plays a critical role in the morphology of organic films and the device performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In the high-boiling-point solvent system, the relatively slow drying crystallization kinetics impacted the solution-state molecular pre-aggregation control, complicating the films crystallization regulation. In this work, a novel approach to regulate the pre-aggregation characteristics of the thin films was developed by constructing a droplet-merging and dissolution-induced intermediate state during inkjet printing (IJP). During this process, three key parameters, the printing temperature, droplet space, and additives, were identified to be critical for the intermediate state formation. This method created an intermediate aggregation state that finally enhanced the crystallization and molecular orientations in films printed from ortho-dichlorobenzene, overcoming the slow kinetics challenge. Consequently, IJP OSCs achieved a record power conversion efficiency of 17.57% through this droplet-merging and dissolution-induced intermediate strategy.


Highlights:
1 A droplet-merging and dissolution-induced intermediate state strategy was developed to effectively promote molecular crystallization and molecular orientation.
2 High performance > 17.5% for small-area devices and high-performance large-area modules were fabricated by inkjet printing through this intermediate state strategy.

Keywords

Organic solar cells Pre-aggregation Molecular orientation Redissolution Inkjet-printed
Sang, Lifeng, Xingze Chen, Chen Chen, Yuanyuan Jiang, Qing Zhang, Ni Yin, Yue Guo, Wei Li, Tao Wang, Xiaozhang Zhu, Qi Chen, Chang‑Qi Ma, and Qun Luo. 2026. “Droplet-Merging and Dissolution-Induced Intermediate State Strategy Enabled Efficiency > 17.5% for the Printed Organic Solar Cells”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (July):425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02268-8.
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