Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Stack of Bi2Se3/Carbon Films with Pyramid Interface for Dual-Mode Temperature–Pressure Sensing in Aquatic Environments

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02254-0
Yan Xu
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Xuefei Zhang
State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
Size Lou
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Zhe Tang
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Dongmei Xie
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Chuanrui Zhang
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Mengran Chen
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Heng Liu
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Chuan Sun
National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Academy of Military Sciences of the People’s Liberation Army of China, Beijing 100850, People’s Republic of China
Yixiang Ou
Joint Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials and Intelligent Equipment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100000, People’s Republic of China
Peng‑an Zong
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Peng‑an Zong

pazong@njtech.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 409

Abstract

With the growing demand for marine exploration and environmental monitoring, underwater sensing technology faces severe challenges due to high humidity and the need for simultaneous detection of multiple physical parameters, such as temperature and pressure. Traditional underwater sensors typically rely on combinations of various functional materials to achieve dual-mode temperature–pressure detection, often requiring additional waterproof encapsulation, which complicates system integration. Achieving dual-mode temperature–pressure detection within a single material underwater remains particularly challenging. Herein, a waterproof dual-mode sensor based on Bi2Se3/carbon paper (CP) composite films is developed by electrochemically depositing pyramid-interface-structured Bi2Se3 layers on both sides of a flexible CP substrate. The film exhibits enhanced thermoelectric properties, with a power factor of 106.0 μW m−1 K−2 (9 times that of CP). Sensors constructed from vertically stacked pyramid-interface-structured films enable high-precision detection of temperature and pressure underwater, featuring a temperature-sensing response time of 0.9 s and a pressure sensitivity of 0.94% kPa−1, while allowing synchronous decoupling of the two signals. Moreover, the sensor exhibits excellent hydrophobicity, with a contact angle of 143.7°, along with robust stability, overcoming key limitations for underwater applications. This advance in flexible underwater sensing technology offers a reliable strategy for underwater human–machine interaction and monitoring.


Highlights:
1 A pyramid-interface-structured Bi2Se3 layer was electrochemically constructed on flexible carbon paper, exhibiting excellent hydrophobicity with a contact angle of 143.7°.
2 Dual-mode decoupling of temperature and pressure without cross-interference was achieved using a single material in both air and underwater environments.
3 The sensor maintains stable signal output under prolonged underwater operation, mechanical bending, electromagnetic interference exposure, and even direct flame contact, demonstrating exceptional environmental resilience.

Keywords

Bi2Se3 Thermoelectric Underwater Dual-mode sensing Electromagnetic interference shielding
Xu, Yan, Xuefei Zhang, Size Lou, Zhe Tang, Dongmei Xie, Chuanrui Zhang, Mengran Chen, Heng Liu, Chuan Sun, Yixiang Ou, and Peng‑an Zong. 2026. “Stack of Bi2Se3/Carbon Films With Pyramid Interface for Dual-Mode Temperature–Pressure Sensing in Aquatic Environments”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (June):409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02254-0.
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