Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Self-Sensing NiFe@N-doped Carbon Aerogel: Integrating Excellent Radar Stealth, Inherent Structural Health Monitoring, Thermal Management, and Flame Retardancy

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02128-5
Xiaosen Du
College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China
Jianhua Zhou
College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China
Jiarui Yu
College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China
Xiaoyan Nie
College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China
Mingyu Luo
College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China
Xingyuan He
College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China
Anguo Xiao
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Jianhua Zhou

zhoujianh@21cn.com

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 278

Abstract

Biomass carbon-based aerogels derived from collagen protofibrils are gaining considerable attention in electromagnetic protection. However, achieving a well-designed microstructure, optimized magnetic and dielectric loss components, and integrated multifunctionality within a single material system remains a significant challenge. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchically biomimetic honeycomb-like porous magnetic NiFe@N-doped carbon aerogel (NFNCA) is obtained via a simple strategy involving in situ growth, freeze-drying, and pyrolysis carbonization. Driven by the synergy of a 3D conductive networking structure, magnetic and dielectric multi-components, numerous heterogeneous interfaces, and diverse loss pathways, the optimized NFNCA exhibits exceptional electromagnetic wave attenuation capability, evidenced by a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −53.49 dB at 1.93 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.24 GHz (11.76–18.00 GHz). Furthermore, the exceptional radar stealth, infrared thermal stealth, thermal management, and flame retardancy characteristics of NFNCA render it a promising candidate for multiple applications in demanding environments. Interestingly, the 3D cross-linked conductive network of NFNCA can serve as strain sensors to detect changes in the internal structure of carbon aerogels. Hence, this work provides a feasible design strategy for developing lightweight, high-efficiency, and multifunctional biomass-based carbon aerogel electromagnetic wave absorbing materials for various application scenarios.


Highlights:
1 The biomimetic honeycomb-like porous magnetic NiFe@N-doped carbon aerogel (NFNCA) was efficiently fabricated through chemical cross-linking, in situ growth, unidirectional freeze-drying, and pyrolysis carbonization.
2 The synergistic effect arising from the 3D conductive networking structure, diverse heterogeneous interfaces, magnetic/dielectric multi-component, and multiple loss pathways of NFNCA endowed this carbon aerogel with outstanding impedance matching and electromagnetic wave attenuation performance.
3 The NFNCA featured excellent microwave attenuation, real-time monitoring of structural integrity, infrared thermal stealth, thermal management, and flame retardancy capabilities.

Keywords

Biomass-based carbon aerogel Microwave attenuation Simulation Structural integrity monitoring Multifunction
Du, Xiaosen, Jianhua Zhou, Jiarui Yu, Xiaoyan Nie, Mingyu Luo, Xingyuan He, and Anguo Xiao. 2026. “Self-Sensing NiFe@N-Doped Carbon Aerogel: Integrating Excellent Radar Stealth, Inherent Structural Health Monitoring, Thermal Management, and Flame Retardancy”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (March):278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02128-5.
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