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Vol. 18 (2026)

Cation-Disordered Rock-Salt Lithium Titanium Oxyfluoride Anode Enabling High-Rate Li-Ion Storage Through a 3D Percolation Network

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02123-w
Jing Gao
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Catalysis and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Minghao Hua
School of Traffic Management Engineering, Shandong Police College, Ji’nan 250014, People’s Republic of China
Junze Lu
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Catalysis and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Yuying Qin
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Shuxian Zhang
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Catalysis and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Qingyu Li
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Catalysis and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Lidong Yang
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Chengxiang Wang
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Catalysis and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Xiaohang Lin
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Catalysis and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Yuanwei Sun
Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center and Electron Microscopy Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan 250117, People’s Republic of China
Longwei Yin
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Catalysis and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Rutao Wang
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Catalysis and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Rutao Wang

rtwang@sdu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 277

Abstract

Pseudocapacitive materials employ rapid, non-diffusion-limited faradaic processes to store charge, demonstrating significant potential for fast-charging batteries and supercapacitors. However, the high redox potentials of existing pseudocapacitive anodes substantially lower the overall cell voltage and energy density. Here, a cation-disordered rock-salt lithium titanium oxyfluoride (DRX-LixTiOF2, 0 < x < 2) is reported to reversibly accommodate approximately 1.19 mol of Li+ (~ 310 mAh g−1) and delivers high-rate performance (exceeding 64.4 C) via pseudocapacitive Li+ storage within a low potential window extending down to 0.1 V vs. Li+/Li. This pseudocapacitive behavior is characterized by several structural and electrochemical features: the absence of phase transformation during Li+ intercalation, quasi-rectangular cyclic voltammetry curves, sloping charge/discharge profiles and a surface-controlled current response. We further reveal that the pseudocapacitive characteristics originate from a three-dimensional percolation network that facilitates fast Li+ migration with low energy barriers, enabled by a cation/anion-disordered structure arising from the mixed occupancy of Li/Ti cations and O/F anions. Owing to its low operating potential and high-rate capability, DRX-LixTiOF2 allows a lithium-ion capacitor to attain 4.0 V cell voltage and achieve energy and power densities several times higher than those obtained with conventional anodes, such as battery-type Li4Ti5O12 or pseudocapacitive materials like Nb2O5 and TiO2.


Highlights:
1 A novel low-potential cation-disordered rock-salt lithium titanium oxyfluoride (DRX-LixTiOF2) anode synthesized via electrochemically induced transformation enables pseudocapacitive Li+ storage extending down to 0.1 V vs. Li+/Li and delivers a high reversible capacity of ~ 310 mAh g−1 and an ultrahigh rate capability exceeding 64.4 C.
2 Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the pseudocapacitive characteristics of DRX-LixTiOF2 anode originate from a three-dimensional percolation network that facilitates fast Li+ migration with low energy barriers, enabled by a cation/anion-disordered structure arising from the mixed occupancy of Li/Ti cations and O/F anions.
3 The lithium-ion capacitor assembled with this DRX-LixTiOF2 anode and an activated carbon cathode exhibits exceptional performance: a 4.0 V operating voltage, a high energy density of 197.9 Wh kg−1 and an ultrahigh power density of 50,000 W kg−1.

Keywords

Disordered rock-salt materials Pseudocapacitance Three-dimensional Li percolation network Anode materials Lithium-ion capacitors
Gao, Jing, Minghao Hua, Junze Lu, Yuying Qin, Shuxian Zhang, Qingyu Li, Lidong Yang, Chengxiang Wang, Xiaohang Lin, Yuanwei Sun, Longwei Yin, and Rutao Wang. 2026. “Cation-Disordered Rock-Salt Lithium Titanium Oxyfluoride Anode Enabling High-Rate Li-Ion Storage Through a 3D Percolation Network”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (March):277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02123-w.
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