Issue

Vol. 13 (2021)

An Overview on SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Other Human Coronaviruses and Their Detection Capability via Amplification Assay, Chemical Sensing, Biosensing, Immunosensing, and Clinical Assays

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00533-y
Yasin Orooji
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
Hessamaddin Sohrabi
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666‑16471, Iran
Nima Hemmat
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Fatemeh Oroojalian
Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
Behzad Baradaran
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Mohamad Mohaghegh
Department of Nanobiotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Hassan Karimi‑Maleh
Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Corresponding Author: Hassan Karimi‑Maleh

hassan@uestc.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 13 (2021), Article Number: 18

Abstract

A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin (SARS-CoV-2) has recently been recognized in patients with acute respiratory disease. COVID-19 causative agent is structurally and genetically similar to SARS and bat SARS-like coronaviruses. The drastic increase in the number of coronavirus and its genome sequence have given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform bioinformatics and genomics analysis on this class of viruses. Clinical tests like PCR and ELISA for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients. However, these techniques are expensive and not readily available for point-of-care (POC) applications. Currently, lack of any rapid, available, and reliable POC detection method gives rise to the progression of COVID-19 as a horrible global problem. To solve the negative features of clinical investigation, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of coronaviruses and describe various amplification assays, sensing, biosensing, immunosensing, and aptasensing for the determination of various groups of coronaviruses applied as a template for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. All sensing and biosensing techniques developed for the determination of various classes of coronaviruses are useful to recognize the newly immerged coronavirus, i.e., SARS-CoV-2. Also, the introduction of sensing and biosensing methods sheds light on the way of designing a proper screening system to detect the virus at the early stage of infection to tranquilize the speed and vastity of spreading. Among other approaches investigated among molecular approaches and PCR or recognition of viral diseases, LAMP-based methods and LFAs are of great importance for their numerous benefits, which can be helpful to design a universal platform for detection of future emerging pathogenic viruses.


Highlights:


1 Various amplification assays and sensing can be applied for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.
2 The outputs of biosensors should be presented quantitatively to obtain more accurate and more accessible results.
3 Developing smaller size platforms is one approach toward applying such phone apps, as well as utilizing LFA, biosensors, and nanobiosensors detection techniques.

Keywords

ELISA qRT-PCR Sensing assay Apta assay Amplification assay
Orooji, Yasin, Hessamaddin Sohrabi, Nima Hemmat, Fatemeh Oroojalian, Behzad Baradaran, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh, Mohamad Mohaghegh, and Hassan Karimi‑Maleh. 2020. “An Overview on SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Other Human Coronaviruses and Their Detection Capability via Amplification Assay, Chemical Sensing, Biosensing, Immunosensing, and Clinical Assays”. Nano-Micro Letters 13 (November):18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00533-y.
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