Issue

Vol. 12 (2020)

Potential of MXenes in Water Desalination: Current Status and Perspectives

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-0411-9
Ihsanullah Ihsanullah
Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author: Ihsanullah Ihsanullah

engr.ihsan.dir@gmail.com

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 12 (2020), Article Number: 72

Abstract

MXenes, novel 2D transition metal carbides, have emerged as wonderful nanomaterials and a superlative contestant for a host of applications. The tremendous characteristics of MXenes, i.e., high surface area, high metallic conductivity, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, activated metallic hydroxide sites, and hydrophilicity, make them the best aspirant for applications in energy storage, catalysis, sensors, electronics, and environmental remediation. Due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and multifarious chemical compositions, MXenes have gained considerable attention for applications in water treatment and desalination in recent times. It is vital to understand the current status of MXene applications in desalination in order to define the roadmap for the development of MXene-based materials and endorse their practical applications in the future. This paper critically reviews the recent advancement in the synthesis of MXenes and MXene-based composites for applications in desalination. The desalination potential of MXenes is portrayed in detail with a focus on ion-sieving membranes, capacitive deionization, and solar desalination. The ion removal mechanism and regeneration ability of MXenes are also summarized to get insight into the process. The key challenges and issues associated with the synthesis and applications of MXenes and MXene-based composites in desalination are highlighted. Lastly, research directions are provided to guarantee the synthesis and applications of MXenes in a more effective way. This review may provide an insight into the applications of MXenes for water desalination in the future.


Highlights:


1 A broad overview of MXenes and MXene-based nanomaterials in desalination is presented.
2 Recent advancement in the synthesis of MXenes for applications in desalination is critically evaluated. Salt removal mechanisms and regeneration capability of MXenes are appraised.
3 Current challenges and future prospect of MXenes in desalination are highlighted. Research directions are provided to safeguard the applications of MXenes in future desalination.

Keywords

MXenes 2D materials Metal carbides Capacitive deionization Solar desalination Water desalination
Ihsanullah, Ihsanullah. 2020. “Potential of MXenes in Water Desalination: Current Status and Perspectives”. Nano-Micro Letters 12 (March):72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-0411-9.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. M. Naguib, M. Kurtoglu, V. Presser, J. Lu, J. Niu et al., Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Adv. Mater. 23, 4248–4253 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102306
  2. M. Naguib, O. Mashtalir, J. Carle, V. Presser, J. Lu, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, M.W. Barsoum, Two-dimensional transition metal carbides. ACS Nano 6, 1322–1331 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn204153h
  3. M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, 25th anniversary article: MXenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials. Adv. Mater. 26, 992–1005 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304138
  4. N.R. Hemanth, B. Kandasubramanian, Recent advances in 2D MXenes for enhanced cation intercalation in energy harvesting applications: a review. Chem. Eng. J. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123678
  5. B. Anasori, Y. Xie, M. Beidaghi, J. Lu, B.C. Hosler et al., Two-dimensional, ordered, double transition metals carbides (MXenes). ACS Nano 9, 9507–9516 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03591
  6. B. Anasori, M.R. Lukatskaya, Y. Gogotsi, 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 16098 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98
  7. W. Sun, S.A. Shah, Y. Chen, Z. Tan, H. Gao, T. Habib, M. Radovic, M.J. Green, Electrochemical etching of Ti2AlC to Ti2CTx (MXene) in low-concentration hydrochloric acid solution. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 21663–21668 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA05574A
  8. S. Yang, P. Zhang, F. Wang, A.G. Ricciardulli, M.R. Lohe, P.W.M. Blom, X. Feng, Fluoride-free synthesis of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) using a binary aqueous system. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 130, 15717–15721 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201809662
  9. J.-C. Lei, X. Zhang, Z. Zhou, Recent advances in MXene: preparation, properties, and applications. Front. Phys. 10, 276–286 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-015-0493-x
  10. O. Mashtalir, M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, Y. Dall’Agnese, M. Heon, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Intercalation and delamination of layered carbides and carbonitrides. Nat. Commun. 4, 1716 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2664
  11. M. Magnuson, M. Mattesini, Chemical bonding and electronic-structure in MAX phases as viewed by X-ray spectroscopy and density functional theory. Thin Solid Films 621, 108–130 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.11.005
  12. M.W. Barsoum, T. El-Raghy, Synthesis and characterization of a remarkable ceramic: Ti3SiC2. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 79, 1953–1956 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08018.x
  13. B. Anasori, Y. Gogotsi, 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), structure, properties and applications (Springer, Berlin, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19026-2
  14. A. Szuplewska, D. Kulpińska, A. Dybko, M. Chudy, A.M. Jastrzębska, A. Olszyna, Z. Brzózka, Future applications of MXenes in biotechnology, nanomedicine, and sensors. Trends Biotechnol. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.09.001
  15. M.W. Barsoum, The MN+1AXN phases: a new class of solids—thermodynamically stable nanolaminates. Prog. Solid State Chem. 28, 201–281 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6786(00)00006-6
  16. Y.-J. Zhang, J.-H. Lan, L. Wang, Q.-Y. Wu, C.-Z. Wang, T. Bo, Z.-F. Chai, W.-Q. Shi, Adsorption of uranyl species on hydroxylated titanium carbide nanosheet: a first-principles study. J. Hazard. Mater. 308, 402–410 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.053
  17. R.M. Ronchi, J.T. Arantes, S.F. Santos, Synthesis, structure, properties and applications of MXenes: current status and perspectives. Ceram. Int. 45, 18167–18188 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.114
  18. K. Rasool, R.P. Pandey, P.A. Rasheed, S. Buczek, Y. Gogotsi, K.A. Mahmoud, Water treatment and environmental remediation applications of two-dimensional metal carbides (MXenes). Mater. Today 30, 80–102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.05.017
  19. K. Hantanasirisakul, M. Alhabeb, A. Lipatov, K. Maleski, B. Anasori et al., Effects of synthesis and processing on optoelectronic properties of titanium carbonitride MXene. Chem. Mater. 31, 2941–2951 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00401
  20. M. Khazaei, M. Arai, T. Sasaki, C.-Y. Chung, N.S. Venkataramanan, M. Estili, Y. Sakka, Y. Kawazoe, Novel electronic and magnetic properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 2185–2192 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202502
  21. M. Khazaei, M. Arai, T. Sasaki, M. Estili, Y. Sakka, Two-dimensional molybdenum carbides: potential thermoelectric materials of the MXene family. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 7841–7849 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP00467A
  22. X. Liang, Y. Rangom, C.Y. Kwok, Q. Pang, L.F. Nazar, Interwoven MXene nanosheet/carbon-nanotube composites as Li–S cathode hosts. Adv. Mater. 29, 1603040 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603040
  23. M. Naguib, R.A. Adams, Y. Zhao, D. Zemlyanov, A. Varma, J. Nanda, V.G. Pol, Electrochemical performance of MXenes as K-ion battery anodes. Chem. Commun. 53, 6883–6886 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC02026K
  24. P. Urbankowski, B. Anasori, K. Hantanasirisakul, L. Yang, L. Zhang et al., 2D molybdenum and vanadium nitrides synthesized by ammoniation of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes). Nanoscale 9, 17722–17730 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR06721F
  25. K. Huang, Z. Li, J. Lin, G. Han, P. Huang, Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 5109–5124 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00838D
  26. V.M.H. Ng, H. Huang, K. Zhou, P.S. Lee, W. Que, J.Z. Xu, L.B. Kong, Recent progress in layered transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes) and their composites: synthesis and applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 3039–3068 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA06772G
  27. X. Zhan, C. Si, J. Zhou, Z. Sun, MXene and MXene-based composites: synthesis, properties and environment-related applications. Nanoscale Horiz. 5, 235–258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NH00571D
  28. J. Zhu, E. Ha, G. Zhao, Y. Zhou, D. Huang et al., Recent advance in MXenes: a promising 2D material for catalysis, sensor and chemical adsorption. Coord. Chem. Rev. 352, 306–327 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.012
  29. S. Zhang, S. Liao, F. Qi, R. Liu, T. Xiao et al., Direct deposition of two-dimensional MXene nanosheets on commercially available filter for fast and efficient dye removal. J. Hazard. Mater. 384, 121367 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121367
  30. K. Li, X. Wang, S. Li, P. Urbankowski, J. Li, Y. Xu, Y. Gogotsi, An ultrafast conducting polymer@MXene positive electrode with high volumetric capacitance for advanced asymmetric supercapacitors. Small 16, 1906851 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201906851
  31. Q. Zhang, J. Teng, G. Zou, Q. Peng, Q. Du, T. Jiao, J. Xiang, Efficient phosphate sequestration for water purification by unique sandwich-like MXene/magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites. Nanoscale 8, 7085–7093 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR09303A
  32. L. Cheng, X. Li, H. Zhang, Q. Xiang, Two-dimensional transition metal MXene-based photocatalysts for solar fuel generation. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10, 3488–3494 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00736
  33. P. Zhang, L. Wang, L.-Y. Yuan, J.-H. Lan, Z.-F. Chai, W.-Q. Shi, Sorption of Eu(III) on MXene-derived titanate structures: the effect of nano-confined space. Chem. Eng. J. 370, 1200–1209 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.286
  34. Z. Guo, J. Zhou, L. Zhu, Z. Sun, MXene: a promising photocatalyst for water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 11446–11452 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA04414J
  35. H. Jiang, Z. Wang, Q. Yang, L. Tan, L. Dong, M. Dong, Ultrathin Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanosheets wrapped NiSe2 octahedral crystal for enhanced supercapacitor performance and synergetic electrocatalytic water splitting. Nano-Micro Lett. 11, 31 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0309-6
  36. C.E. Ren, K.B. Hatzell, M. Alhabeb, Z. Ling, K.A. Mahmoud, Y. Gogotsi, Charge- and size-selective ion sieving through Ti3C2Tx MXene membranes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 4026–4031 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01895
  37. A. Shahzad, K. Rasool, W. Miran, M. Nawaz, J. Jang, K.A. Mahmoud, D.S. Lee, Two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets for efficient copper removal from water. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5, 11481–11488 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02695
  38. Y. Ying, Y. Liu, X. Wang, Y. Mao, W. Cao, P. Hu, X. Peng, Two-dimensional titanium carbide for efficiently reductive removal of highly toxic chromium(VI) from water. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7, 1795–1803 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/am5074722
  39. P. Srimuk, F. Kaasik, B. Krüner, A. Tolosa, S. Fleischmann et al., MXene as a novel intercalation-type pseudocapacitive cathode and anode for capacitive deionization. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 18265–18271 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA07833H
  40. M.A. Iqbal, S.I. Ali, F. Amin, A. Tariq, M.Z. Iqbal, S. Rizwan, La- and Mn-codoped Bismuth Ferrite/Ti3C2 MXene composites for efficient photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red dye. ACS Omega 4, 8661–8668 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00493
  41. P. Zhang, M. Xiang, H. Liu, C. Yang, S. Deng, Novel two-dimensional magnetic titanium carbide for methylene blue removal over a wide pH range: insight into removal performance and mechanism. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11, 24027–24036 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b04222
  42. Q. Huang, Y. Liu, T. Cai, X. Xia, Simultaneous removal of heavy metal ions and organic pollutant by BiOBr/Ti3C2 nanocomposite. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 375, 201–208 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.02.026
  43. I. Persson, J. Halim, H. Lind, T.W. Hansen, J.B. Wagner et al., 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) for carbon capture. Adv. Mater. 31, 1805472 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805472
  44. T. Liu, X. Liu, N. Graham, W. Yu, K. Sun, Two-dimensional MXene incorporated graphene oxide composite membrane with enhanced water purification performance. J. Memb. Sci. 593, 117431 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117431
  45. B.-M. Jun, S. Kim, J. Heo, C.M. Park, N. Her et al., Review of MXenes as new nanomaterials for energy storage/delivery and selected environmental applications. Nano Res. 12, 471–487 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2225-3
  46. J. Saththasivam, K. Wang, W. Yiming, Z. Liu, K.A. Mahmoud, A flexible Ti3C2Tx (MXene)/paper membrane for efficient oil/water separation. RSC Adv. 9, 16296–16304 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA02129A
  47. X.-J. Zha, X. Zhao, J.-H. Pu, L.-S. Tang, K. Ke et al., Flexible anti-biofouling MXene/cellulose fibrous membrane for sustainable solar-driven water purification. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11, 36589–36597 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b10606
  48. Z. Xie, Y.-P. Peng, L. Yu, C. Xing, M. Qiu, J. Hu, H. Zhang, Solar-inspired water purification based on emerging two-dimensional materials: status and challenges. Sol. RRL (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201900400
  49. M. Ghidiu, M.R. Lukatskaya, M.-Q. Zhao, Y. Gogotsi, M.W. Barsoum, Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance. Nature 516, 78–81 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13970
  50. Y. Zhou, F. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Deng, C. Song, Z. Li, Ling, Water permeability in MXene membranes: process matters. Chin. Chem. Lett. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.037
  51. R.P. Pandey, K. Rasool, V.E. Madhavan, B. Aïssa, Y. Gogotsi, K.A. Mahmoud, Ultrahigh-flux and fouling-resistant membranes based on layered silver/MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 3522–3533 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA10888E
  52. G.R. Berdiyorov, M.E. Madjet, K.A. Mahmoud, Ionic sieving through Ti3C2(OH)2 MXene: first-principles calculations. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 113110 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4944393
  53. L. Ding, Y. Wei, Y. Wang, H. Chen, J. Caro, H. Wang, A two-dimensional lamellar membrane: MXene nanosheet stacks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 1825–1829 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201609306
  54. Y. Sun, S. Li, Y. Zhuang, G. Liu, W. Xing, W. Jing, Adjustable interlayer spacing of ultrathin MXene-derived membranes for ion rejection. J. Memb. Sci. 591, 117350 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117350
  55. E.Y.M. Ang, T.Y. Ng, J. Yeo, R. Lin, Z. Liu, K.R. Geethalakshmi, Investigations on different two-dimensional materials as slit membranes for enhanced desalination. J. Memb. Sci. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117653
  56. R. Han, Y. Xie, X. Ma, Crosslinked P84 copolyimide/MXene mixed matrix membrane with excellent solvent resistance and permselectivity. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 27, 877–883 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2018.10.005
  57. Z. Lu, Y. Wei, J. Deng, L. Ding, Z.-K. Li, H. Wang, Self-crosslinked MXene (Ti3C2Tx) membranes with good antiswelling property for monovalent metal ion exclusion. ACS Nano 13, 10535–10544 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04612
  58. X. Wu, L. Hao, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Liu, Polymer-Ti3C2Tx composite membranes to overcome the trade-off in solvent resistant nanofiltration for alcohol-based system. J. Memb. Sci. 515, 175–188 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.048
  59. C.E. Ren, M. Alhabeb, B.W. Byles, M.-Q. Zhao, B. Anasori, E. Pomerantseva, K.A. Mahmoud, Y. Gogotsi, Voltage-gated ions sieving through 2D MXene Ti3C2Tx membranes. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1, 3644–3652 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00762
  60. L. Guo, X. Wang, Z.Y. Leong, R. Mo, L. Sun, H.Y. Yang, Ar plasma modification of 2D MXene Ti3C2Tx nanosheets for efficient capacitive desalination. FlatChem 8, 17–24 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2018.01.001
  61. R. Malik, Maxing out water desalination with MXenes. Joule 2, 591–593 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.001
  62. W. Bao, X. Tang, X. Guo, S. Choi, C. Wang, Y. Gogotsi, G. Wang, Porous cryo-dried MXene for efficient capacitive deionization. Joule 2, 778–787 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.02.018
  63. M.E. Suss, V. Presser, Water desalination with energy storage electrode materials. Joule 2, 10–15 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2017.12.010
  64. A. Amiri, Y. Chen, C.B. Teng, M. Naraghi, Porous nitrogen-doped MXene-based electrodes for capacitive deionization. Energy Storage Mater. 25, 731–739 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.09.013
  65. J. Ma, Y. Cheng, L. Wang, X. Dai, F. Yu, Free-standing Ti3C2Tx MXene film as binder-free electrode in capacitive deionization with an ultrahigh desalination capacity. Chem. Eng. J. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123329
  66. M.D. Levi, M.R. Lukatskaya, S. Sigalov, M. Beidaghi, N. Shpigel et al., Solving the capacitive paradox of 2D MXene using electrochemical quartz-crystal admittance and in situ electronic conductance measurements. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1400815 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400815
  67. L. Agartan, K. Hantanasirisakul, S. Buczek, B. Akuzum, K.A. Mahmoud, B. Anasori, Y. Gogotsi, E.C. Kumbur, Influence of operating conditions on the desalination performance of a symmetric pre-conditioned Ti3C2Tx-MXene membrane capacitive deionization system. Desalination 477, 114267 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.114267
  68. P. Srimuk, J. Halim, J. Lee, Q. Tao, J. Rosen, V. Presser, Two-dimensional molybdenum carbide (MXene) with divacancy ordering for brackish and seawater desalination via cation and anion intercalation. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 3739–3747 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04095
  69. Z. Ling, C.E. Ren, M.-Q. Zhao, J. Yang, J.M. Giammarco, J. Qiu, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Flexible and conductive MXene films and nanocomposites with high capacitance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, 16676–16681 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414215111
  70. M.-Q. Zhao, C.E. Ren, Z. Ling, M.R. Lukatskaya, C. Zhang, K.L. Van Aken, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Flexible MXene/carbon nanotube composite paper with high volumetric capacitance. Adv. Mater. 27, 339–345 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404140
  71. R. Li, L. Zhang, L. Shi, P. Wang, MXene Ti3C2: an effective 2D light-to-heat conversion material. ACS Nano 11, 3752–3759 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b08415
  72. J. Zhao, Y. Yang, C. Yang, Y. Tian, Y. Han, J. Liu, X. Yin, W. Que, A hydrophobic surface enabled salt-blocking 2D Ti3C2 MXene membrane for efficient and stable solar desalination. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 16196–16204 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA05569F
  73. Y.Z. Tan, H. Wang, L. Han, M.B. Tanis-Kanbur, M.V. Pranav, J.W. Chew, Photothermal-enhanced and fouling-resistant membrane for solar-assisted membrane distillation. J. Memb. Sci. 565, 254–265 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.08.032
  74. Q. Zhang, G. Yi, Z. Fu, H. Yu, S. Chen, X. Quan, Vertically aligned janus MXene-based aerogels for solar desalination with high efficiency and salt resistance. ACS Nano 13, 13196–13207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06180
  75. G. Liu, J. Shen, Q. Liu, G. Liu, J. Xiong, J. Yang, W. Jin, Ultrathin two-dimensional MXene membrane for pervaporation desalination. J. Memb. Sci. 548, 548–558 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.065
  76. O. Salim, K.A. Mahmoud, K.K. Pant, R.K. Joshi, Introduction to MXenes: synthesis and characteristics. Mater. Today Chem. 14, 100191 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2019.08.010
  77. M. Alhabeb, K. Maleski, B. Anasori, P. Lelyukh, L. Clark, S. Sin, Y. Gogotsi, Guidelines for synthesis and processing of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene). Chem. Mater. 29, 7633–7644 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02847
  78. M. Khazaei, A. Ranjbar, K. Esfarjani, D. Bogdanovski, R. Dronskowski, S. Yunoki, Insights into exfoliation possibility of MAX phases to MXenes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 8579–8592 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP08645H
  79. V. Natu, J.L. Hart, M. Sokol, H. Chiang, M.L. Taheri, M.W. Barsoum, Edge capping of 2D-MXene Sheets with polyanionic salts to mitigate oxidation in aqueous colloidal suspensions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 131, 12655–12660 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201906138
  80. F. Han, S. Luo, L. Xie, J. Zhu, W. Wei et al., Boosting the yield of MXene 2D sheets via a facile hydrothermal-assisted intercalation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11, 8443–8452 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b22339
  81. X. Yu, X. Cai, H. Cui, S.-W. Lee, X.-F. Yu, B. Liu, Fluorine-free preparation of titanium carbide MXene quantum dots with high near-infrared photothermal performances for cancer therapy. Nanoscale 9, 17859–17864 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR05997C
  82. M. Khazaei, A. Mishra, N.S. Venkataramanan, A.K. Singh, S. Yunoki, Recent advances in MXenes: from fundamentals to applications. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 23, 164–178 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2019.01.002
  83. Y. Zhang, L. Wang, N. Zhang, Z. Zhou, Adsorptive environmental applications of MXene nanomaterials: a review. RSC Adv. 8, 19895–19905 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA03077D
  84. W. Mu, S. Du, X. Li, Q. Yu, H. Wei, Y. Yang, S. Peng, Removal of radioactive palladium based on novel 2D titanium carbides. Chem. Eng. J. 358, 283–290 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.010
  85. J. Guo, Q. Peng, H. Fu, G. Zou, Q. Zhang, Heavy-metal adsorption behavior of two-dimensional alkalization-intercalated MXene by first-principles calculations. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 20923–20930 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b05426
  86. G. Zou, J. Guo, Q. Peng, A. Zhou, Q. Zhang, B. Liu, Synthesis of urchin-like rutile titania carbon nanocomposites by iron-facilitated phase transformation of MXene for environmental remediation. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 489–499 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA07343J
  87. Y.-J. Zhang, Z.-J. Zhou, J.-H. Lan, C.-C. Ge, Z.-F. Chai, P. Zhang, W.-Q. Shi, Theoretical insights into the uranyl adsorption behavior on vanadium carbide MXene. Appl. Surf. Sci. 426, 572–578 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.227
  88. I. Ihsanullah, MXenes (two-dimensional metal carbides) as emerging nanomaterials for water purification: Progress, challenges and prospects. Chem. Eng. J. 388, 124340 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124340
  89. L. Fu, Z. Yan, Q. Zhao, H. Yang, Novel 2D Nanosheets with potential applications in heavy metal purification: a review. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1801094 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801094
  90. A. Sinopoli, Z. Othman, K. Rasool, K.A. Mahmoud, Electrocatalytic/photocatalytic properties and aqueous media applications of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes). Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 23, 100760 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2019.06.004
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 5709 Download : 4333