Issue

Vol. 12 (2020)

Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus: An Emerging Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00453-x
JiPing Zhu
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People’s Republic of China
GuangShun Xiao
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People’s Republic of China
XiuXiu Zuo
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: JiPing Zhu

jpzhu@hfut.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 12 (2020), Article Number: 120

Abstract

Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP), an emerging material, has aroused tremendous interest once discovered. This is due to the fact that it integrates unprecedented properties of other 2D materials, such as tunable bandgap structures, outstanding electrochemical properties, anisotropic mechanical, thermodynamic, and photoelectric properties, making it of great research value in many fields. The emergence of 2D BP has greatly promoted the development of electrochemical energy storage devices, especially lithium-ion batteries. However, in the application of 2D BP, there are still some problems to be solved urgently, such as the difficulty in the synthesis of large-scale high-quality phosphorene, poor environmental stability, and the volume expansion as electrode materials. Herein, according to the latest research progress of 2D BP in the field of energy storage, we systematically summarize and compare the preparation methods of phosphorene and discuss the basic structure and properties of BP, especially the environmental instability and passivation techniques. In particular, the practical application and challenges of 2D BP as anode material for lithium-ion batteries are analyzed in detail. Finally, some personal perspectives on the future development and challenges of BP are presented.


Highlights:


1 The preparation methods, basic structure, and properties as well as environmental instability and passivation techniques of two-dimensional black phosphorus are systematically summarized and analyzed.
2 The application of anode materials based on two-dimensional black phosphorus in lithium-ion batteries in recent years is wholly reviewed.

Keywords

Two-dimensional material Black phosphorus Lithium-ion batteries
Zhu, JiPing, GuangShun Xiao, and XiuXiu Zuo. 2020. “Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus: An Emerging Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries”. Nano-Micro Letters 12 (June):120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00453-x.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
  2. C. Zheng, X. Zhou, H. Cao, G. Wang, Z. Liu, Synthesis of porous graphene/activated carbon composite with high packing density and large specific surface area for supercapacitor electrode material. J. Power Sources 258, 290–296 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.056
  3. I.W. Frank, D.M. Tanenbaum, A.M. van der Zande, P.L. McEuen, Mechanical properties of suspended graphene sheets. J. Vac. Sci. Techn. B 25(6), 2558 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2789446
  4. A.A. Balandin, Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. Nat. Mater. 10(8), 569–581 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3064
  5. A.H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N.M.R. Peres, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109
  6. L.A. Falkovsky, Optical properties of graphene. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 129, 012004 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/129/1/012004
  7. J. Lee, J. Kim, S. Kim, D.H. Min, Biosensors based on graphene oxide and its biomedical application. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 105, 275–287 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.001
  8. S. Wan, J. Peng, L. Jiang, Q. Cheng, Bioinspired graphene-based nanocomposites and their application in flexible energy devices. Adv. Mater. 28(36), 7862–7898 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601934
  9. Z. Sun, A. Martinez, F. Wang, Optical modulators with 2D layered materials. Nat. Photon. 10(4), 227–238 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.15
  10. G. Xin, T. Yao, H. Sun, S.M. Scott, D. Shao, G. Wang, J. Lian, Highly thermally conductive and mechanically strong graphene fibers. Science 349(6252), 1083–1087 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa6502
  11. H. Zhang, Introduction: 2D materials chemistry. Chem. Rev. 118(13), 6089–6090 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00278
  12. V. Kranthi Kumar, S. Dhar, T.H. Choudhury, S.A. Shivashankar, S. Raghavan, A predictive approach to CVD of crystalline layers of TMDs: the case of MoS2. Nanoscale 7(17), 7802–7810 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr07080a
  13. S. Manzeli, D. Ovchinnikov, D. Pasquier, O.V. Yazyev, A. Kis, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2(8), 17033 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.33
  14. Q. Weng, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Bando, D. Golberg, Functionalized hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials: emerging properties and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45(14), 3989–4012 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00869g
  15. L. Song, L. Ci, H. Lu, P.B. Sorokin, C. Jin et al., Large scale growth and characterization of atomic hexagonal boron nitride layers. Nano Lett. 10(8), 3209–3215 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl1022139
  16. B. Anasori, M.R. Lukatskaya, Y. Gogotsi, 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2(2), 16098 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98
  17. H.O. Churchill, P. Jarillo-Herrero, Two-dimensional crystals: phosphorus joins the family. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 330–331 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.85
  18. K.S. Novoselov, A. Mishchenko, A. Carvalho, A.H. Castro Neto, 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures. Science 353(6298), 9439 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9439
  19. A. Gupta, T. Sakthivel, S. Seal, Recent development in 2D materials beyond graphene. Prog. Mater Sci. 73, 44–126 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.02.002
  20. B. Liu, A. Abbas, C. Zhou, Two-dimensional semiconductors: from materials preparation to electronic applications. Adv. Electron. Mater. 3(7), 1700045 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700045
  21. X. Cai, Y. Luo, B. Liu, H.M. Cheng, Preparation of 2D material dispersions and their applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(16), 6224–6266 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00254a
  22. J. Zhu, E. Ha, G. Zhao, Y. Zhou, D. Huang et al., Recent advance in MXenes: a promising 2D material for catalysis, sensor and chemical adsorption. Coordin. Chem. Rev. 352, 306–327 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.012
  23. X. Zhang, L. Hou, A. Ciesielski, P. Samorì, 2D materials beyond graphene for high-performance energy storage applications. Adv. Energy Mater. 6(23), 1600671 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600671
  24. S.J. Kim, K. Choi, B. Lee, Y. Kim, B.H. Hong, Materials for flexible, stretchable electronics: graphene and 2D materials. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 45(1), 63–84 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070214-020901
  25. Y. Zhang, W. Xia, Y. Wu, P. Zhang, Prediction of MXene based 2D tunable band gap semiconductors: gW quasiparticle calculations. Nanoscale 11(9), 3993–4000 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01160a
  26. Y. Zhou, M. Zhang, Z. Guo, L. Miao, S.T. Han et al., Recent advances in black phosphorus-based photonics, electronics, sensors and energy devices. Mater. Horizons 4, 997–1019 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7MH00543A
  27. K. Zhang, Y. Feng, F. Wang, Z. Yang, J. Wang, Two dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN): synthesis, properties and applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 5(46), 11992–12022 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc04300g
  28. M. Qiu, W.X. Ren, T. Jeong, M. Won, G.Y. Park et al., Omnipotent phosphorene: a next-generation, two-dimensional nanoplatform for multidisciplinary biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(15), 5588–5601 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00342d
  29. P. Chen, N. Li, X. Chen, W.-J. Ong, X. Zhao, The rising star of 2D black phosphorus beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and electronic applications. 2D Mater. 5(1), 014002 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa8d37
  30. R. Fei, L. Yang, Strain-engineering the anisotropic electrical conductance of few-layer black phosphorus. Nano Lett. 14(5), 2884–2889 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl500935z
  31. D.J. Late, Liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus nanosheets and its application as humidity sensor. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 225, 494–503 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.01.031
  32. Z. Guo, H. Zhang, S. Lu, Z. Wang, S. Tang et al., From black phosphorus to phosphorene: basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(45), 6996–7002 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502902
  33. M. Zhang, Q. Wu, F. Zhang, L. Chen, X. Jin, Y. Hu, Z. Zheng, H. Zhang, 2D black phosphorus saturable absorbers for ultrafast photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 7(1), 1800224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800224
  34. Y. Zhang, Y. Zheng, K. Rui, H.H. Hng, K. Hippalgaonkar et al., 2D black phosphorus for energy storage and thermoelectric applications. Small 13(28), 1700661 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201700661
  35. H. Liu, K. Hu, D. Yan, R. Chen, Y. Zou, H. Liu, S. Wang, Recent advances on black phosphorus for energy storage, catalysis, and sensor applications. Adv. Mater. 30(32), 1800295 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800295
  36. P.W. Bridgman, Two new modifications of phosphorus. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 36(7), 1344–1363 (1914). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02184a002
  37. L. Li, Y. Yu, G.J. Ye, Q. Ge, X. Ou et al., Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 372–377 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.35
  38. W. Lei, Y. Mi, R. Feng, P. Liu, S. Hu et al., Hybrid 0D–2D black phosphorus quantum dots–graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for efficient hydrogen evolution. Nano Energy 50, 552–561 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.06.001
  39. Z. Sun, Y. Zhao, Z. Li, H. Cui, Y. Zhou et al., TiL4-coordinated black phosphorus quantum dots as an efficient contrast agent for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of cancer. Small 13(11), 1602896 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201602896
  40. H.U. Lee, S.Y. Park, S.C. Lee, S. Choi, S. Seo et al., Black phosphorus (BP) nanodots for potential biomedical applications. Small 12(2), 214–219 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201502756
  41. J. Du, M. Zhang, Z. Guo, J. Chen, X. Zhu et al., Phosphorene quantum dot saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers. Sci. Rep. 7, 42357 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42357
  42. S.C. Dhanabalan, J.S. Ponraj, Z. Guo, S. Li, Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Emerging trends in phosphorene fabrication towards next generation devices. Adv. Sci. 4(6), 1600305 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600305
  43. Y. Chen, G. Jiang, S. Chen, Z. Guo, X. Yu et al., Mechanically exfoliated black phosphorus as a new saturable absorber for both Q-switching and Mode-locking laser operation. Opt. Express 23(10), 12823 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.012823
  44. H. Liu, A.T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, P.D. Ye, Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility. ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn501226z
  45. L. Guan, B. Xing, X. Niu, D. Wang, Y. Yu et al., Metal-assisted exfoliation of few-layer black phosphorus with high yield. Chem. Commun. 54(6), 595–598 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cc08488a
  46. Y. Mu, M.S. Si, The mechanical exfoliation mechanism of black phosphorus to phosphorene: a first-principles study. Europhys. Lett. 112(3), 37003 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/112/37003
  47. J.O. Island, G.A. Steele, H.S.J. van der Zant, Castellanos-Gomez, Environmental instability of few-layer black phosphorus. 2D Mater 2(1), 011002 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/2/1/011002
  48. Z. Luo, J. Maassen, Y. Deng, Y. Du, R.P. Garrelts, M.S. Lundstrom, P.D. Ye, X. Xu, Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in few-layer black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 6, 8572 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9572
  49. Z. Guo, S. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, F. Liu et al., Metal-ion-modified black phosphorus with enhanced stability and transistor performance. Adv. Mater. 29(42), 1703811 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703811
  50. S. Lin, Y. Chui, Y. Li, S.P. Lau, Liquid-phase exfoliation of black phosphorus and its applications. Flatchem 2, 15–37 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2017.03.001
  51. J.R. Brent, N. Savjani, E.A. Lewis, S.J. Haigh, D.J. Lewis, P. O’Brien, Production of few-layer phosphorene by liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus. Chem. Commun. 50(87), 13338–13341 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc05752j
  52. J. Kang, J.D. Wood, S.A. Wells, Solvent exfoliation of electronic-grade, two-dimensional black phosphorus. ACS Nano 9(4), 3596–3604 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01143
  53. P. Yasaei, B. Kumar, T. Foroozan, C. Wang, M. Asadi et al., High-quality black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid-phase exfoliation. Adv. Mater. 27(11), 1887–1892 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405150
  54. D. Hanlon, C. Backes, E. Doherty, C.S. Cucinotta, N.C. Berner et al., Liquid exfoliation of solvent-stabilized few-layer black phosphorus for applications beyond electronics. Nat. Commun. 6, 8563 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9563
  55. J. Gómez-Pérez, Z. Kónya, Á. Kukovecz, Acetone improves the topographical homogeneity of liquid phase exfoliated few-layer black phosphorus flakes. Nanotechnology 29(36), 365303 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aacc23
  56. Z. Yan, X. He, L. She, J. Sun, R. Jiang et al., Solvothermal-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of large size and high quality black phosphorus. J. Mater. 4(2), 129–134 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2018.01.003
  57. Y. Zhang, H. Wang, Z. Luo, H.T. Tan, B. Li et al., An air-stable densely packed phosphorene-graphene composite toward advanced lithium storage properties. Adv. Energy Mater. 6(12), 1600453 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600453
  58. A.E. Del Rio Castillo, V. Pellegrini, H. Sun, J. Buha, D.A. Dinh et al., Exfoliation of few-layer black phosphorus in low-boiling-point solvents and its application in Li-ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 30(2), 506–516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b04628
  59. J.Y. Xu, L.F. Gao, C.X. Hu, Z.Y. Zhu, M. Zhao, Q. Wang, H.L. Zhang, Preparation of large size, few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets via phytic acid-assisted liquid exfoliation. Chem. Commun. 52(52), 8107–8110 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cc03206k
  60. M. Bat-Erdene, M. Batmunkh, C.J. Shearer, S.A. Tawfik, M.J. Ford et al., Efficient and fast synthesis of few-layer black phosphorus via microwave-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. Small Methods 1(12), 1700260 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700260
  61. V. Sresht, A.A.H. Pádua, D. Blankschtein, Liquid-phase exfoliation of phosphorene: design rules from molecular dynamics simulations. ACS Nano 9(8), 8255–8268 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02683
  62. A. Ambrosi, M. Pumera, Electrochemically exfoliated graphene and graphene oxide for energy storage and electrochemistry applications. Chemistry A Eur. J. 22(1), 153–159 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201503110
  63. C.Y. Su, A.Y. Lu, Y.P. Xu, F.R. Chen, A.N. Khlobystov, L.J. Li, High-quality thin graphene films from fast electrochemical exfoliation. ACS Nano 5(3), 2332–2339 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200025p
  64. M.B. Erande, M.S. Pawar, D.J. Late, Humidity sensing and photodetection behavior of electrochemically exfoliated atomically thin-layered black phosphorus nanosheets. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8(18), 11548–11556 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b10247
  65. J. Li, C. Chen, S. Liu, J. Lu, W.P. Goh et al., Ultrafast electrochemical expansion of black phosphorus toward high-yield synthesis of few-layer phosphorene. Chem. Mater. 30(8), 2742–2749 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00521
  66. A. Ambrosi, Z. Sofer, M. Pumera, Electrochemical exfoliation of layered black phosphorus into phosphorene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56(35), 10443–10445 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201705071
  67. H. Xiao, M. Zhao, J. Zhang, X. Ma, J. Zhang, T. Hu, T. Tang, J. Jia, H. Wu, Electrochemical cathode exfoliation of bulky black phosphorus into few-layer phosphorene nanosheets. Electrochem. Commun. 89, 10–13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.02.010
  68. H.O. Pierson, Handbook of Chemical Vapor Deposition: Principles, Technologies and Applications (William Andrew, Amsterdam, 1999)
  69. G.H. Lee, R.C. Cooper, S.J. An, S. Lee, A. van der Zande et al., High-strength chemical-vapor-deposited graphene and grain boundaries. Science 340(6136), 1073–1076 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235126
  70. S.M. Eichfeld, L. Hossain, Y.C. Lin, A.F. Piasecki, B. Kupp et al., Highly scalable, atomically thin WSe2 grown via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. ACS Nano 9(2), 2080–2087 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5073286
  71. J. Yu, J. Li, W. Zhang, H. Chang, Synthesis of high quality two-dimensional materials via chemical vapor deposition. Chem. Sci. 6(12), 6705–6716 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sc01941a
  72. J.B. Smith, D. Hagaman, H.F. Ji, Growth of 2D black phosphorus film from chemical vapor deposition. Nanotechnology 27(21), 215602 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/21/215602
  73. Q. Jiang, J. Li, N. Yuan, Z. Wu, J. Tang, Black phosphorus with superior lithium ion batteries performance directly synthesized by the efficient thermal-vaporization method. Electrochim. Acta 263, 272–276 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.012
  74. Z. Yang, J. Hao, S. Yuan, S. Lin, H.M. Yau, J. Dai, S.P. Lau, Field-effect transistors based on amorphous black phosphorus ultrathin films by pulsed laser deposition. Adv. Mater. 27(25), 3748–3754 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500990
  75. Y. Xu, X. Shi, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, Q. Zhang et al., Epitaxial nucleation and lateral growth of high-crystalline black phosphorus films on silicon. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 1330 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14902-z
  76. R. Hultgren, N.S. Gingrich, B.E. Warren, The atomic distribution in red and black phosphorus and the crystal structure of black phosphorus. J. Chem. Phys. 3(6), 351–355 (1935). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1749671
  77. L. Chen, G. Zhou, Z. Liu, X. Ma, J. Chen et al., Scalable clean exfoliation of high-quality few-layer black phosphorus for a flexible lithium ion battery. Adv. Mater. 28(3), 510–517 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503678
  78. J. Wu, N. Mao, L. Xie, H. Xu, J. Zhang, Identifying the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus using angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54(8), 2366–2369 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201410108
  79. S. Wu, K.S. Hui, K.N. Hui, 2D black phosphorus: from preparation to applications for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Sci. 5(5), 1700491 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700491
  80. J. Zhao, J. Zhu, R. Cao, H. Wang, Z. Guo et al., Liquefaction of water on the surface of anisotropic two-dimensional atomic layered black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 10(1), 4062 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11937-9
  81. C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, J. Hone, Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321(5887), 385–388 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
  82. A. Castellanos-Gomez, M. Poot, G.A. Steele, H.S. van der Zant, N. Agrait, G. Rubio-Bollinger, Elastic properties of freely suspended MoS2 nanosheets. Adv. Mater. 24(6), 772–775 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103965
  83. Q. Wei, X. Peng, Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few-layer black phosphorus. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(25), 251915 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4885215
  84. G. Yang, L. Li, W.B. Lee, M.C. Ng, Structure of graphene and its disorders: a review. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 19(1), 613–648 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2018.1494493
  85. F. Xia, H. Wang, Y. Jia, Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics. Nat. Commun. 5, 4458 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5458
  86. W. Keyes, Robert, The electrical properties of black phosphorus. Phys. Rev. 92(3), 580–584 (1953). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.92.580
  87. G. Giovannetti, P.A. Khomyakov, G. Brocks, P.J. Kelly, J. van den Brink, Substrate-induced band gap in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride: ab initiodensity functional calculations. Phys. Rev. B 76(7), 073103 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.073103
  88. X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, M.S. Dresselhaus, The renaissance of black phosphorus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523–4530 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416581112
  89. A. Nie, Y. Cheng, S. Ning, T. Foroozan, P. Yasaei et al., Selective ionic transport pathways in phosphorene. Nano Lett. 16(4), 2240–2247 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04514
  90. A. Sibari, A. Marjaoui, M. Lakhal, Z. Kerrami, A. Kara et al., Phosphorene as a promising anode material for (Li/Na/Mg)-ion batteries: a first-principle study. Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. Cells 180, 253–257 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.06.034
  91. X. Li, L. Zhi, Graphene hybridization for energy storage applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(9), 3189–3216 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00871f
  92. Y. Xue, Q. Zhang, T. Zhang, L. Fu, Black phosphorus: properties, synthesis, and applications in energy conversion and storage. ChemNanoMat 3(6), 352–361 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201700030
  93. F. Nobili, S. Dsoke, T. Mecozzi, R. Marassi, Metal-oxidized graphite composite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 51(3), 536–544 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.05.012
  94. Z.L. Xu, S. Lin, N. Onofrio, L. Zhou, F. Shi et al., Exceptional catalytic effects of black phosphorus quantum dots in shuttling-free lithium sulfur batteries. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 4164 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06629-9
  95. H. Liu, L. Tao, Y. Zhang, C. Xie, P. Zhou, H. Liu, R. Chen, S. Wang, Bridging covalently functionalized black phosphorus on graphene for high-performance sodium-ion battery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 9(42), 36849–36856 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b11599
  96. F. Wang, G. Zhang, S. Huang, C. Song, C. Wang, Q. Xing, Y. Lei, H. Yan, Electronic structures of air-exposed few-layer black phosphorus by optical spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 99(7), 075427 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.075427
  97. G. Abellán, S. Wild, V. Lloret, N. Scheuschner, R. Gillen et al., Fundamental insights into the degradation and stabilization of thin layer black phosphorus. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139(30), 10432–10440 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b04971
  98. Y.K. Ryu, A. Castellanos-Gomez, R. Frisenda, Degradation of Black Phosphorus Upon Environmental Exposure and Encapsulation Strategies to Prevent it (American Chemical Society, Washington, 2019), pp. 47–59
  99. S. Kuriakose, T. Ahmed, S. Balendhran, V. Bansal, S. Sriram, M. Bhaskaran, S. Walia, Black phosphorus: ambient degradation and strategies for protection. 2D Mater 5(3), 032001 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aab810
  100. S. Wu, F. He, G. Xie, Z. Bian, J. Luo, S. Wen, Black phosphorus: degradation favors lubrication. Nano Lett. 18(9), 5618–5627 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02092
  101. A. Favron, E. Gaufres, F. Fossard, A.L. Phaneuf-L’Heureux, N.Y. Tang et al., Photooxidation and quantum confinement effects in exfoliated black phosphorus. Nat. Mater. 14(8), 826–832 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4299
  102. A.A. Kistanov, Y. Cai, K. Zhou, S.V. Dmitriev, Y.W. Zhang, The role of H2O and O2 molecules and phosphorus vacancies in the structure instability of phosphorene. 2D Mater 4(1), 015010 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/4/1/015010
  103. S. Walia, Y. Sabri, T. Ahmed, M.R. Field, R. Ramanathan et al., Defining the role of humidity in the ambient degradation of few-layer black phosphorus. 2D Mater 4(1), 015025 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/4/1/015025
  104. Q. Zhou, Q. Chen, Y. Tong, J. Wang, Light-induced ambient degradation of few-layer black phosphorus: mechanism and protection. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55(38), 11437–11441 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201605168
  105. Y. Huang, J. Qiao, K. He, S. Bliznakov, E. Sutter et al., Interaction of black phosphorus with oxygen and water. Chem. Mater. 28(22), 8330–8339 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03592
  106. Y. Wang, B. Yang, B. Wan, X. Xi, Z. Zeng et al., Degradation of black phosphorus: a real-time 31P NMR study. 2D Mater 3(3), 035025 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/3/3/035025
  107. D.K. Sang, H. Wang, Z. Guo, N. Xie, H. Zhang, Recent developments in stability and passivation techniques of phosphorene toward next-generation device applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(45), 1903419 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903419
  108. B. Wan, B. Yang, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Zeng, Z. Liu, W. Wang, Enhanced stability of black phosphorus field-effect transistors with SiO2 passivation. Nanotechnology 26(43), 435702 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/43/435702
  109. M. Li, Q. Zhao, S. Zhang, D. Li, H. Li, X. Zhang, B. Xing, Facile passivation of black phosphorus nanosheets via silica coating for stable and efficient solar desalination. Environ. Sci. Nano 7, 414–423 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9en01138b
  110. R. Galceran, E. Gaufres, A. Loiseau, M. Piquemal-Banci, F. Godel et al., Stabilizing ultra-thin black phosphorus with in situ-grown 1 nm-Al2O3 barrier. Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(24), 243101 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5008484
  111. K.L. Li, K.W. Ang, Y.M. Lv, X.K. Liu, Effects of Al2O3 capping layers on the thermal properties of thin black phosphorus. Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(26), 261901 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4973363
  112. R. Guo, Y. Zheng, Z. Ma, X. Lian, H. Sun et al., Surface passivation of black phosphorus via van der Waals stacked PTCDA. Appl. Surface Sci. 496, 143688 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143688
  113. V. Artel, Q. Guo, H. Cohen, R. Gasper, A. Ramasubramaniam, F. Xia, D. Naveh, Protective molecular passivation of black phosphorus. 2D Mater. Appl. 1(1), 6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-017-0004-8
  114. S. Liang, L. Wu, H. Liu, J. Li, M. Chen, M. Zhang, Organic molecular passivation of phosphorene: an aptamer-based biosensing platform. Biosens. Bioelectron. 126, 30–35 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.037
  115. J.E.S. Fonsaca, S.H. Domingues, E.S. Orth, A.J.G. Zarbin, Air stable black phosphorous in polyaniline-based nanocomposite. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 10165 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10533-5
  116. Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu et al., Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201512038
  117. H. Li, P. Lian, Q. Lu, J. Chen, R. Hou, Y. Mei, Excellent air and water stability of two-dimensional black phosphorene/MXene heterostructure. Mater. Res. Express 6(6), 065504 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab0b84
  118. Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, P.K. Chu, Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55(16), 5087–5091 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201512038
  119. Z. Wei, S. Zhuiykov, Challenges and recent advancements of functionalization of two-dimensional nanostructured molybdenum trioxide and dichalcogenides. Nanoscale 11(34), 15709–15738 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03072g
  120. Y. Tang, C. Yang, Y. Tian, Y. Luo, X. Yin, W. Que, The effect of in situ nitrogen doping on the oxygen evolution reaction of MXenes. Nanoscale Adv. 2(3), 1187–1194 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9na00706g
  121. Z. Hu, Z. Wu, C. Han, J. He, Z. Ni, W. Chen, Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides: interface and defect engineering. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(9), 3100–3128 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00024g
  122. H. Hu, Z. Shi, K. Khan, R. Cao, W. Liang et al., Recent advances in doping engineering of black phosphorus. J. Mater. Chem. A 8(11), 5421–5441 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta00416b
  123. X. Tang, W. Liang, J. Zhao, Z. Li, M. Qiu et al., Fluorinated phosphorene: electrochemical synthesis, atomistic fluorination, and enhanced stability. Small 13(47), 1702739 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702739
  124. Y. Xu, J. Yuan, K. Zhang, Y. Hou, Q. Sun et al., Field-induced n-doping of black phosphorus for CMOS compatible 2D logic electronics with high electron mobility. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(38), 1702211 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201702211
  125. W. Lv, B. Yang, B. Wang, W. Wan, Y. Ge et al., Sulfur-doped black phosphorus field-effect transistors with enhanced stability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10(11), 9663–9668 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b19169
  126. I. Sultana, M.M. Rahman, T. Ramireddy, Y. Chen, A.M. Glushenkov, High capacity potassium-ion battery anodes based on black phosphorus. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(45), 23506–23512 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02483e
  127. M. Qiu, Z.T. Sun, D.K. Sang, X.G. Han, H. Zhang, C.M. Niu, Current progress in black phosphorus materials and their applications in electrochemical energy storage. Nanoscale 9(36), 13384–13403 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr03318d
  128. B. Scrosati, Recent advances in lithium ion battery materials. Electrochim. Acta 45(15–16), 2461–2466 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00333-9
  129. S. Guo, X. Hu, W. Zhou, X. Liu, Y. Gao et al., Mechanistic understanding of two-dimensional phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony high-capacity anodes for fast-charging lithium/sodium ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 122(51), 29559–29566 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b08824
  130. J. Pang, A. Bachmatiuk, Y. Yin, B. Trzebicka, L. Zhao et al., Applications of phosphorene and black phosphorus in energy conversion and storage devices. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(8), 1702093 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702093
  131. C. Zhang, M. Yu, G. Anderson, R.R. Dharmasena, G. Sumanasekera, The prospects of phosphorene as an anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries: a fundamental study. Nanotechnology 28(7), 075401 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa52ac
  132. S. Zhao, W. Kang, J. Xue, The potential application of phosphorene as an anode material in Li-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2(44), 19046–19052 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04368e
  133. L. Kou, C. Chen, S.C. Smith, Phosphorene: fabrication, properties, and applications. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(14), 2794–2805 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01094
  134. W. Li, Y. Yang, G. Zhang, Y.W. Zhang, Ultrafast and directional diffusion of lithium in phosphorene for high-performance lithium-ion battery. Nano Lett. 15(3), 1691–1697 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl504336h
  135. Y. Zhang, W. Sun, Z.Z. Luo, Y. Zheng, Z. Yu et al., Functionalized few-layer black phosphorus with super-wettability towards enhanced reaction kinetics for rechargeable batteries. Nano Energy 40, 576–586 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.09.002
  136. J. Sun, G. Zheng, H.W. Lee, N. Liu, H. Wang, H. Yao, W. Yang, Y. Cui, Formation of stable phosphorus-carbon bond for enhanced performance in black phosphorus nanoparticle-graphite composite battery anodes. Nano Lett. 14(8), 4573–4580 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl501617j
  137. T. Ramireddy, T. Xing, M.M. Rahman, Y. Chen, Q. Dutercq, D. Gunzelmann, A.M. Glushenkov, Phosphorus–carbon nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3(10), 5572–5584 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta06186a
  138. H. Shin, J. Zhang, W. Lu, Material structure and chemical bond effect on the electrochemical performance of black phosphorus-graphite composite anodes. Electrochim. Acta 309, 264–273 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.149
  139. H. Liu, Y. Zou, L. Tao, Z. Ma, D. Liu, P. Zhou, H. Liu, S. Wang, Sandwiched thin-film anode of chemically bonded black phosphorus/graphene hybrid for lithium-ion battery. Small 13(33), 1700758 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201700758
  140. R.H. Baughman, Carbon nanotubes–the route toward applications. Science 297(5582), 787–792 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060928
  141. S. Haghighat-Shishavan, M. Nazarian-Samani, M. Nazarian-Samani, H.-K. Roh, K.-Y. Chung, B.-W. Cho, S.F. Kashani-Bozorg, K.-B. Kim, Strong, persistent superficial oxidation-assisted chemical bonding of black phosphorus with multiwall carbon nanotubes for high-capacity ultradurable storage of lithium and sodium. J. Mater. Chem. A 6(21), 10121–10134 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02590h
  142. J. Shi, H. Cai, K. Cai, Q.-H. Qin, Dynamic behavior of a black phosphorus and carbon nanotube composite system. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 50(2), 025304 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/50/2/025304
  143. T.N. Van, T.N. Danh, Q.L. Minh, Atomistic simulation of the uniaxial tension of black phosphorene nanotubes. Vietnam J. Mech. 40(2), 163–169 (2018). https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/10751
  144. Y. Zhang, Y. Tang, W. Li, X. Chen, Nanostructured TiO2-based anode materials for high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. ChemNanoMat 2(8), 764–775 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201600093
  145. J. Mei, Y. Zhang, T. Liao, X. Peng, G.A. Ayoko, Z. Sun, Black phosphorus nanosheets promoted 2D-TiO2-2D heterostructured anode for high-performance lithium storage. Energy Storage Mater. 19, 424–431 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.03.010
  146. Y. Luo, H. Wu, L. Liu, Q. Li, K. Jiang, S. Fan, J. Li, J. Wang, TiO2-nanocoated black phosphorus electrodes with improved electrochemical performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10(42), 36058–36066 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b14703
  147. F. Zhou, L. Ouyang, J. Liu, X.-S. Yang, M. Zhu, Chemical bonding black phosphorus with TiO2 and carbon toward high-performance lithium storage. J. Power Sources 449, 227549 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227549
  148. A.E. Baumann, D.A. Burns, B. Liu, V.S. Thoi, Metal-organic framework functionalization and design strategies for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices. Commun. Chem. 2(1), 86 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-019-0184-6
  149. W. Yang, X. Li, Y. Li, R. Zhu, H. Pang, Applications of metal-organic-framework-derived carbon materials. Adv. Mater. 31(6), 1804740 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804740
  150. J. Jin, Y. Zheng, S.Z. Huang, P.P. Sun, N. Srikanth, L.B. Kong, Q. Yan, K. Zhou, Directly anchoring 2D NiCo metal–organic frameworks on few-layer black phosphorus for advanced lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(2), 783–790 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09327j
  151. C. Chowdhury, S. Karmakar, A. Datta, Capping black phosphorene by h-BN enhances performances in anodes for Li and Na ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 253–259 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00164
  152. H. Li, A. Liu, X. Ren, Y. Yang, L. Gao, M. Fan, T. Ma, A black phosphorus/Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposite for sodium-ion batteries: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Nanoscale 11(42), 19862–19869 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr04790e
  153. X. Li, W. Li, P. Shen, L. Yang, Y. Li, Z. Shi, H. Zhang, Layered GeP-black P(Ge2P3): an advanced binary-phase anode for Li/Na-storage. Ceram. Int. 45(12), 15711–15714 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.04.219
  154. W. Li, P. Shen, J. Liao, J. Yu, X. Li et al., Cu2P7-black P-MWCNTs (CuP5/MWCNTs): an advanced hybrid anode for Li/Na-ion batteries. Mater. Lett. 253, 263–267 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.06.080
  155. L. Li, W. Wang, P. Gong, X. Zhu, B. Deng, 2D GeP: an unexploited low-symmetry semiconductor with strong in-plane anisotropy. Adv. Mater. 30(14), 1706771 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706771
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 7317 Download : 5560