Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Emergence of Rechargeable Aqueous Manganese Batteries

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02174-z
Zikang Xu
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Energy Devices and Interface Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People’s Republic of China
Lifen Long
Guangdong‑Hong Kong‑Macau Joint Laboratory for Photonic‑Thermal‑Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, People’s Republic of China
Ying Yang
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Energy Devices and Interface Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People’s Republic of China
Zeyu Cao
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Energy Devices and Interface Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People’s Republic of China
Hang Ren
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Energy Devices and Interface Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People’s Republic of China
Zhixuan Wei
Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
Laifa Shen
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, People’s Republic of China
Heng Jiang
Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
Huaiyu Shao
Guangdong‑Hong Kong‑Macau Joint Laboratory for Photonic‑Thermal‑Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, People’s Republic of China
Shengyang Dong
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Energy Devices and Interface Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Shengyang Dong

dongsyst@nuist.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 321

Abstract

Manganese exhibits remarkable chemical versatility, arising from its multiple valence states and diverse coordination environments. This unique redox flexibility underpins a rich spectrum of electrochemical processes, making manganese-based compounds central to the development of advanced energy storage systems. However, it also gives rise to intrinsic instability, involving disproportionation reactions, dissolution of Mn species, and irreversible structural evolution. An in-depth understanding of these coupled chemical–structural dynamics is essential to unlocking the full potential not only of Mn-based electrodes but, more importantly, of aqueous Mn-ion batteries (AMIBs). In this review, we critically summarize the recent progress of AMIBs, with an emphasis on the development and engineering strategies of electrodes and electrolytes. Finally, we propose future perspectives for constructing robust, energetic, and sustainable AMIBs.


Highlights:
1 A systematic elucidation of the fundamental electrochemical principles governing aqueous manganese batteries, focusing on the reaction mechanisms of key redox couples (e.g., Mn/Mn2+/Mn3+/MnO2), carrier characteristics (such as ionic radius and solvation effects), and their underlying impact on battery performance.
2 A comprehensive and focused overview of recent advances in electrodes and electrolytes, including key modification strategies—pre-intercalation, coating, and interface regulation on electrode materials and optimizing electrolyte components (e.g., pH, additives) to suppress side reactions and widen the electrochemical window.
3 A systematic analysis of the core challenges hindering the practical application, such as irreversible deposition/dissolution and electrode structural degradation. The future research directions were proposed, including electrode/electrolyte optimization strategies, characterization methods, and AI-assisted approaches, etc.

Keywords

Aqueous batteries Manganese storage Electrode materials Electrolytes Energy storage mechanism
Xu, Zikang, Lifen Long, Ying Yang, Zeyu Cao, Hang Ren, Zhixuan Wei, Laifa Shen, Heng Jiang, Huaiyu Shao, and Shengyang Dong. 2026. “Emergence of Rechargeable Aqueous Manganese Batteries”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (April):321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02174-z.
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