Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Self-Assembled Monolayers in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: A Rising Star with Challenges

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02089-9
Lele Li
Key Laboratory of Flexible Optoelectronic Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Jiaqi Shi
Key Laboratory of Flexible Optoelectronic Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Huimin Xiang
Key Laboratory of Flexible Optoelectronic Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Xunchang Wang
Key Laboratory of Flexible Optoelectronic Materials and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Xunchang Wang

wangxc@jhun.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 241

Abstract

Recently, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been confirmed as a promising hole-selective contact and interfacial modifier for inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs), contributing to an inspiring record power conversion efficiency close to 27%, along with excellent stability. This review demonstrates the critical role of SAMs in enhancing the performance of IPSCs. First, the structure–property and structure–stability relationship of SAMs is systematically expounded by examining their electronic structure, spatial configuration, and the resulting intermolecular forces. Second, it concludes the underlying mechanisms how their unique properties promote the performance of IPSCs, including energy-level alignment, defect passivation, improved interface carrier extraction/transport, and the suppression of ion migration. Third, the applications of SAMs in IPSCs are systematically summarized, covering their roles as hole-selective contacts, interface modifiers, and as components in Co-SAMs strategies. Large-scalable fabrication methods are also summarized to promote industrial processing of IPSCs. Finally, the prevailing challenges and future research directions are outlined, proposing a roadmap for designing SAM-based IPSCs with superior longevity. By critically evaluating the pivotal role of SAMs, this review provides a strategic framework to guide future research and accelerate the development of self-assembled molecules in high-performance and stable photovoltaic devices.


Highlights:
1 Structure–property relationship of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is thoroughly elucidated, including chain length, anchoring groups, linker groups, terminal functional groups, and packing density—and their resulting physical and electrochemical properties (e.g., wettability, adhesion, and electronic characteristics).
2 The mechanism of SAMs on promoting the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells is discussed from the perspective of energy-level alignment, defect passivation, carrier transfer dynamics, and inhibition of ion migration.
3 Perspectives and challenges of SAMs are proposed, highlighting promising directions in developing new in situ characterizations, advanced molecular designs, and optimized deposition strategies for large-scalable fabrication.

Keywords

Inverted perovskite solar cells Self-assembled monolayers Molecular design Stability Large-scalable fabrication
Li, Lele, Jiaqi Shi, Huimin Xiang, and Xunchang Wang. 2026. “Self-Assembled Monolayers in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: A Rising Star With Challenges”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (February):241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02089-9.
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