Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts for Sustainable Nitrate Conversion: Structural Design and Mechanistic Advancements

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01877-z
GuoLiang Chang
Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
Xueqiu Chen
Key Laboratory of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
Jing‑Jing Lv
Key Laboratory of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
Zhijie Kong
Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
Zheng‑Jun Wang
Key Laboratory of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Zheng‑Jun Wang

zhengjunwang@wzu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 73

Abstract

Electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia conversion offers dual environmental and sustainable synthesis benefits, but achieving high efficiency with low-cost catalysts remains a major challenge. This review focuses on cobalt-based electrocatalysts, emphasizing their structural engineering for enhanced the performance of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) through dimensional control, compositional tuning, and coordination microenvironment modulation. Notably, by critically analyzing metallic cobalt, cobalt alloys, cobalt compounds, cobalt single atom and molecular catalyst configurations, we firstly establish correlations between atomic-scale structural features and catalytic performance in a coordination environment perspective for NO3RR, including the dynamic reconstruction during operation and its impact on active site. Synergizing experimental breakthroughs with computational modeling, we decode mechanisms underlying competitive hydrogen evolution suppression, intermediate adsorption-energy optimization, and durability enhancement in complex aqueous environments. The development of cobalt-based catalysts was summarized and prospected, and the emerging opportunities of machine learning in accelerating the research and development of high-performance catalysts and the configuration of series reactors for scalable nitrate-to-ammonia systems were also introduced. Bridging surface science and applications, it outlines a framework for designing multifunctional electrocatalysts to restore nitrogen cycle balance sustainably.


Highlights:
1 This review covers almost all cobalt-based electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR), including metallic cobalt, cobalt alloys, cobalt compounds, cobalt single-atom and molecular catalysts, etc.
2 The mechanism of enhancing the NO3RR performance by suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction, as well as the durability and degradation processes, was discussed from the perspective of the electronic structure and adsorption behavior.
3 The influence of different coordination environments of Co active sites on NO3RR performance was discussed, including different isomorphic forms of the same elements around Co, different types of elements, doping of trace elements, and in situ evolution of constituent elements, etc.

Keywords

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction Cobalt-based Electrocatalysts Electronic structure Coordination environment
Chang, GuoLiang, Xueqiu Chen, Jing‑Jing Lv, Zhijie Kong, and Zheng‑Jun Wang. 2025. “Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts for Sustainable Nitrate Conversion: Structural Design and Mechanistic Advancements”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (October):73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01877-z.
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