Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

3D Printing of Tough Hydrogel Scaffolds with Functional Surface Structures for Tissue Regeneration

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01524-z
Ke Yao
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Gaoying Hong
Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Ximin Yuan
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China
Weicheng Kong
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Pengcheng Xia
Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, People’s Republic of China
Yuanrong Li
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Yuewei Chen
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Nian Liu
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Jing He
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Jue Shi
Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Zihe Hu
Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Yanyan Zhou
Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Zhijian Xie
Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Yong He
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Yong He

yongqin@zju.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 27

Abstract

Hydrogel scaffolds have numerous potential applications in the tissue engineering field. However, tough hydrogel scaffolds implanted in vivo are seldom reported because it is difficult to balance biocompatibility and high mechanical properties. Inspired by Chinese ramen, we propose a universal fabricating method (printing-P, training-T, cross-linking-C, PTC & PCT) for tough hydrogel scaffolds to fill this gap. First, 3D printing fabricates a hydrogel scaffold with desired structures (P). Then, the scaffold could have extraordinarily high mechanical properties and functional surface structure by cycle mechanical training with salting-out assistance (T). Finally, the training results are fixed by photo-cross-linking processing (C). The tough gelatin hydrogel scaffolds exhibit excellent tensile strength of 6.66 MPa (622-fold untreated) and have excellent biocompatibility. Furthermore, this scaffold possesses functional surface structures from nanometer to micron to millimeter, which can efficiently induce directional cell growth. Interestingly, this strategy can produce bionic human tissue with mechanical properties of 10 kPa-10 MPa by changing the type of salt, and many hydrogels, such as gelatin and silk, could be improved with PTC or PCT strategies. Animal experiments show that this scaffold can effectively promote the new generation of muscle fibers, blood vessels, and nerves within 4 weeks, prompting the rapid regeneration of large-volume muscle loss injuries.


Highlights:
1 We propose the novel concept of a tough hydrogel scaffold within the realm of tissue engineering. This scaffold combines exceptional strength (6.66 MPa), customization capabilities, and superior biocompatibility in a manner not previously achieved in existing research.
2 These tough hydrogel scaffolds possess functional surface structures and can effectively enhance cell-guided growth and prompt regeneration of muscle tissue in vivo.
3 This is a universal manufacturing method for tough hydrogel scaffolds in tissue engineering.


 

Keywords

3D printing Tough hydrogel scaffold Functional surface structure Tissue regeneration Biomaterials
Yao, Ke, Gaoying Hong, Ximin Yuan, Weicheng Kong, Pengcheng Xia, Yuanrong Li, Yuewei Chen, Nian Liu, Jing He, Jue Shi, Zihe Hu, Yanyan Zhou, Zhijian Xie, and Yong He. 2024. “3D Printing of Tough Hydrogel Scaffolds With Functional Surface Structures for Tissue Regeneration”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (September):27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01524-z.
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