Issue

Vol. 11 (2019)

High-Performance Na-Ion Storage of S-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Conjugated Microporous Polymers

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0291-z
Yuquan Li
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
Bin Ni
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
Xiaodan Li
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
Xianghui Wang
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
Dafeng Zhang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Qingfei Zhao
Testing and Analysis Centre, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, People’s Republic of China
Jinliang Li
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
Ting Lu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
Wenjie Mai
Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
Likun Pan
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Ting Lu

tlu@phy.ecnu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 11 (2019), Article Number: 60

Abstract

Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to the high abundance and low cost of Na. It is well known that S doping can improve the electrochemical performance of carbon materials for NIBs. However, the current methods for S doping in carbons normally involve toxic precursors or rigorous conditions. In this work, we report a creative and facile strategy for preparing S-doped porous carbons (SCs) via the pyrolysis of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs). Briefly, thiophene-based CMPs served as the precursors and doping sources simultaneously. Simple direct carbonization of CMPs produced S-doped carbon materials with highly porous structures. When used as an anode for NIBs, the SCs exhibited a high reversible capacity of 440 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, superior rate capability, and excellent cycling stability (297 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 500 mA g−1), outperforming most S-doped carbon materials reported thus far. The excellent performance of the SCs is attributed to the expanded lattice distance after S doping. Furthermore, we employed ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the electrochemical reaction mechanism of the SCs during sodiation–desodiation, which can highlight the role of doped S for Na-ion storage.


Highlights:


1 S-doped porous carbons (SCs) derived from conjugated microporous polymers were synthesized for Na-ion batteries.
2 The SCs exhibited a high capacity of 440 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and excellent cycling performance.
3 Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the electrochemical reaction mechanism of the SCs.

Keywords

Conjugated microporous polymer S-doped porous carbons Na-ion batteries Reaction mechanism
Li, Yuquan, Bin Ni, Xiaodan Li, Xianghui Wang, Dafeng Zhang, Qingfei Zhao, Jinliang Li, Ting Lu, Wenjie Mai, and Likun Pan. 2019. “High-Performance Na-Ion Storage of S-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Conjugated Microporous Polymers”. Nano-Micro Letters 11 (July):60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0291-z.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. H. Yang, H.-H. Wu, M. Ge, L. Li, Y. Yuan et al., Simultaneously dual modification of Ni-rich layered oxide cathode for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1808825 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808825
  2. J.-L. Shi, D.-D. Xiao, M. Ge, X. Yu, Y. Chu et al., High-capacity cathode material with high voltage for Li-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705575 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705575
  3. J. Li, L. Han, X. Zhang, G. Zhu, T. Chen, T. Lu, L. Pan, Sb2O5/Co-containing carbon polyhedra as anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 370, 800–809 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.244
  4. L. Wan, D. Yan, X. Xu, J. Li, T. Lu, Y. Gao, Y. Yao, L. Pan, Self-assembled 3D flower-like Fe3O4/C architecture with superior lithium ion storage performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 24940–24948 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA06482B
  5. M.S. Islam, C.A. Fisher, Lithium and sodium battery cathode materials: computational insights into voltage, diffusion and nanostructural properties. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 185–204 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60199D
  6. B.L. Ellis, L.F. Nazar, Sodium and sodium-ion energy storage batteries. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 16, 168–177 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2012.04.002
  7. L. Zheng, L. Li, R. Shunmugasundaram, M.N. Obrovac, Effect of controlled-atmosphere storage and ethanol rinsing on NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 for sodium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 38246–38254 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b14209
  8. J. Li, X. Zhang, L. Han, D. Yan, S. Hou, T. Lu, Y. Yao, L. Pan, TiO2 nanocrystals embedded in sulfur-doped porous carbon as high-performance and long-lasting anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 24224–24231 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA05617J
  9. W. Li, M. Zhou, H. Li, K. Wang, S. Cheng, K. Jiang, A high performance sulfur-doped disordered carbon anode for sodium ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 2916–2921 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE01985K
  10. L. Qie, W. Chen, X. Xiong, C. Hu, F. Zou, P. Hu, Y. Huang, Sulfur-doped carbon with enlarged interlayer distance as a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 2, 1500195 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500195
  11. S.Y. Hong, Y. Kim, Y. Park, A. Choi, N.-S. Choi, K.T. Lee, Charge carriers in rechargeable batteries: Na ions vs Li ions. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 2067–2081 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee40811f
  12. Y. Bao, Y. Huang, X. Song, J. Long, S. Wang, L.-X. Ding, H. Wang, Heteroatom doping and activation of carbon nanofibers enabling ultrafast and stable sodium storage. Electrochim. Acta 276, 304–310 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.207
  13. C. Chen, M. Wu, Z. Xu, T. Feng, J. Yang, Z. Chen, S. Wang, Y. Wang, Tailored N-doped porous carbon nanocomposites through MOF self-assembling for Li/Na ion batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 538, 267–276 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.101
  14. Q. Li, Y. Zhu, P. Zhao, C. Yuan, M. Chen, C. Wang, Commercial activated carbon as a novel precursor of the amorphous carbon for high-performance sodium-ion batteries anode. Carbon 129, 85–94 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.008
  15. X.-F. Luo, C.-H. Yang, Y.-Y. Peng, N.-W. Pu, M.-D. Ger, C.-T. Hsieh, J.-K. Chang, Graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes, graphite, and activated carbon as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 10320–10326 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA00727E
  16. M.M. Islam, C.M. Subramaniyam, T. Akhter, S.N. Faisal, A.I. Minett, H.K. Liu, K. Konstantinov, S.X. Dou, Three dimensional cellular architecture of sulfur doped graphene: self-standing electrode for flexible supercapacitors, lithium ion and sodium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 5290–5302 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA10933K
  17. D. Li, H. Chen, G. Liu, M. Wei, L.-X. Ding, S. Wang, H. Wang, Porous nitrogen doped carbon sphere as high performance anode of sodium-ion battery. Carbon 94, 888–894 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.07.067
  18. K.-L. Hong, L. Qie, R. Zeng, Z.-Q. Yi, W. Zhang et al., Biomass derived hard carbon used as a high performance anode material for sodium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 12733–12738 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02068E
  19. B. Quan, S.-H. Yu, D.Y. Chung, A. Jin, J.H. Park, Y.-E. Sung, Y. Piao, Single source precursor-based solvothermal synthesis of heteroatom-doped graphene and its energy storage and conversion applications. Sci. Rep. 4, 5639 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05639
  20. Y. Zhou, Y. Leng, W. Zhou, J. Huang, M. Zhao, Sulfur and nitrogen self-doped carbon nanosheets derived from peanut root nodules as high-efficiency non-metal electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Energy 16, 357–366 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.07.008
  21. Y. Li, Z. Wang, L. Li, S. Peng, L. Zhang, M. Srinivasan, S. Ramakrishna, Preparation of nitrogen-and phosphorous co-doped carbon microspheres and their superior performance as anode in sodium-ion batteries. Carbon 99, 556–563 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.066
  22. B. Quan, A. Jin, S.H. Yu, S.M. Kang, J. Jeong, H.D. Abruña, L. Jin, Y. Piao, Y.E. Sung, Solvothermal-derived s-doped graphene as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 5, 1700880 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700880
  23. X. Deng, K. Xie, L. Li, W. Zhou, J. Sunarso, Z. Shao, Scalable synthesis of self-standing sulfur-doped flexible graphene films as recyclable anode materials for low-cost sodium-ion batteries. Carbon 107, 67–73 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.05.052
  24. J. Yang, X. Zhou, D. Wu, X. Zhao, Z. Zhou, S-doped N-rich carbon nanosheets with expanded interlayer distance as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 29, 1604108 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604108
  25. Z. Hong, Y. Zhen, Y. Ruan, M. Kang, K. Zhou, J.M. Zhang, Z. Huang, M. Wei, Rational design and general synthesis of S-doped hard carbon with tunable doping sites toward excellent Na-ion storage performance. Adv. Mater. 30, 1802035 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802035
  26. M. Lu, W. Yu, J. Shi, W. Liu, S. Chen, X. Wang, H. Wang, Self-doped carbon architectures with heteroatoms containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur as high-performance anodes for lithium-and sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 251, 396–406 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.131
  27. Z. Xiang, Y. Xue, D. Cao, L. Huang, J.F. Chen, L. Dai, Highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction based on 2D covalent organic polymers complexed with non-precious metals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 2433–2437 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201308896
  28. J. Zhu, C. Yang, C. Lu, F. Zhang, Z. Yuan, X. Zhuang, Two-dimensional porous polymers: from sandwich-like structure to layered skeleton. Acc. Chem. Res. 51, 3191–3202 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00444
  29. K. Yuan, X. Zhuang, H. Fu, G. Brunklaus, M. Forster, Y. Chen, X. Feng, U. Scherf, Two-dimensional core-shelled porous hybrids as highly efficient catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 6858–6863 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201600850
  30. K. Yuan, P. Guo-Wang, T. Hu, L. Shi, R. Zeng, M. Forster, T. Pichler, Y. Chen, U. Scherf, Nanofibrous and graphene-templated conjugated microporous polymer materials for flexible chemosensors and supercapacitors. Chem. Mater. 27, 7403–7411 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03290
  31. J.-X. Jiang, F. Su, H. Niu, C.D. Wood, N.L. Campbell, Y.Z. Khimyak, A.I. Cooper, Conjugated microporous poly (phenylene butadiynylene)s. Chem. Commun. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1039/B715563H
  32. L. Chen, Y. Yang, D. Jiang, CMPs as scaffolds for constructing porous catalytic frameworks: a built-in heterogeneous catalyst with high activity and selectivity based on nanoporous metalloporphyrin polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 9138–9143 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1028556
  33. J.-X. Jiang, A. Trewin, D.J. Adams, A.I. Cooper, Band gap engineering in fluorescent conjugated microporous polymers. Chem. Sci. 2, 1777–1781 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1sc00329a
  34. X. Feng, Y. Liang, L. Zhi, A. Thomas, D. Wu, I. Lieberwirth, U. Kolb, K. Müllen, Synthesis of microporous carbon nanofibers and nanotubes from conjugated polymer network and evaluation in electrochemical capacitor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 2125–2129 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200900264
  35. Y. Xu, S. Jin, H. Xu, A. Nagai, D. Jiang, Conjugated microporous polymers: design, synthesis and application. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 8012–8031 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60160a
  36. A.I. Cooper, Conjugated microporous polymers. Adv. Mater. 21, 1291–1295 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200801971
  37. R. Dawson, A.I. Cooper, D.J. Adams, Nanoporous organic polymer networks. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37, 530–563 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.09.002
  38. J.X. Jiang, F. Su, A. Trewin, C.D. Wood, N.L. Campbell et al., Conjugated microporous poly (aryleneethynylene) networks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 8574–8578 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200701595
  39. K. Yuan, T. Hu, Y. Xu, R. Graf, L. Shi, M. Forster, T. Pichler, T. Riedl, Y. Chen, U. Scherf, Nitrogen-doped porous carbon/graphene nanosheets derived from two-dimensional conjugated microporous polymer sandwiches with promising capacitive performance. Mater. Chem. Front. 1, 278–285 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6QM00012F
  40. X. Zhuang, D. Gehrig, N. Forler, H. Liang, M. Wagner, M.R. Hansen, F. Laquai, F. Zhang, X. Feng, Conjugated microporous polymers with dimensionality-controlled heterostructures for green energy devices. Adv. Mater. 27, 3789–3796 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501786
  41. L. Hao, J. Ning, B. Luo, B. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Tang, J. Yang, A. Thomas, L. Zhi, Structural evolution of 2D microporous covalent triazine-based framework toward the study of high-performance supercapacitors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 219–225 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja508693y
  42. Y. Su, Z. Yao, F. Zhang, H. Wang, Z. Mics, E. Cánovas, M. Bonn, X. Zhuang, X. Feng, Sulfur-enriched conjugated polymer nanosheet derived sulfur and nitrogen co-doped porous carbon nanosheets as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and zinc–air battery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 5893–5902 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201602158
  43. J. Wang, L. Yan, Q. Ren, L. Fan, F. Zhang, Z. Shi, Facile hydrothermal treatment route of reed straw-derived hard carbon for high performance sodium ion battery. Electrochim. Acta 291, 188–196 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.136
  44. L. Xiao, Y. Cao, W.A. Henderson, M.L. Sushko, Y. Shao, J. Xiao, W. Wang, M.H. Engelhard, Z. Nie, J. Liu, Hard carbon nanoparticles as high-capacity, high-stability anodic materials for Na-ion batteries. Nano Energy 19, 279–288 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.10.034
  45. G. Xu, J. Han, B. Ding, P. Nie, J. Pan, H. Dou, H. Li, X. Zhang, Biomass-derived porous carbon materials with sulfur and nitrogen dual-doping for energy storage. Green Chem. 17, 1668–1674 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC02185A
  46. Y. Li, S. Xu, X. Wu, J. Yu, Y. Wang, Y.-S. Hu, H. Li, L. Chen, X. Huang, Amorphous monodispersed hard carbon micro-spherules derived from biomass as a high performance negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 71–77 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA05451B
  47. L. Zeng, W. Li, J. Cheng, J. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Yu, N-doped porous hollow carbon nanofibers fabricated using electrospun polymer templates and their sodium storage properties. RSC Adv. 4, 16920–16927 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01200C
  48. H. Tang, D. Yan, T. Lu, L. Pan, Sulfur-doped carbon spheres with hierarchical micro/mesopores as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 241, 63–72 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.112
  49. Y. Yan, Y.-X. Yin, S. Xin, Y.-G. Guo, L.-J. Wan, Ionothermal synthesis of sulfur-doped porous carbons hybridized with graphene as superior anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Commun. 48, 10663–10665 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc36234a
  50. X. Ma, G. Ning, Y. Kan, Y. Ma, C. Qi, B. Chen, Y. Li, X. Lan, J. Gao, Synthesis of S-doped mesoporous carbon fibres with ultrahigh S concentration and their application as high performance electrodes in supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 150, 108–113 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.128
  51. M. Chen, S. Jiang, C. Huang, X. Wang, S. Cai, K. Xiang, Y. Zhang, J. Xue, Honeycomb-like nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped hierarchical porous biomass-derived carbon for lithium–sulfur batteries. Chemsuschem 10, 1803–1812 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700050
  52. B. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Liu, G. Wang, H. Wang, J. Bai, Rational design of Fe3O4@ C yolk-shell nanorods constituting a stable anode for high-performance Li/Na-ion batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 528, 225–236 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.086
  53. J. Feng, L. Dong, X. Li, D. Li, P. Lu, F. Hou, J. Liang, S.X. Dou, Hierarchically stacked reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes for as high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 302, 65–70 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.02.008
  54. T.H. Hwang, D.S. Jung, J.-S. Kim, B.G. Kim, J.W. Choi, One-dimensional carbon–sulfur composite fibers for Na–S rechargeable batteries operating at room temperature. Nano Lett. 13, 4532–4538 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl402513x
  55. S. Xin, Y.X. Yin, Y.G. Guo, L.J. Wan, A high-energy room-temperature sodium-sulfur battery. Adv. Mater. 26, 1261–1265 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304126
  56. Y.S. Yun, V.-D. Le, H. Kim, S.-J. Chang, S.J. Baek et al., Effects of sulfur doping on graphene-based nanosheets for use as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 262, 79–85 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.084
  57. S.R. Prabakar, J. Jeong, M. Pyo, Nanoporous hard carbon anodes for improved electrochemical performance in sodium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 161, 23–31 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.086
  58. H. Zhang, M. Hu, Q. Lv, L. Yang, R. Lv, Monodisperse nitrogen-doped carbon spheres with superior rate capacities for lithium/sodium ion storage. Electrochim. Acta 297, 365–371 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.207
  59. X. Zhang, D. Li, G. Zhu, T. Lu, L. Pan, Porous CoFe2O4 nanocubes derived from metal-organic frameworks as high-performance anode for sodium ion batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 499, 145–150 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.104
  60. V.G. Pol, E. Lee, D. Zhou, F. Dogan, J.M. Calderon-Moreno, C.S. Johnson, Spherical carbon as a new high-rate anode for sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 127, 61–67 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.132
  61. D. Xu, C. Chen, J. Xie, B. Zhang, L. Miao, J. Cai, Y. Huang, L. Zhang, A Hierarchical N/S-codoped carbon anode fabricated facilely from cellulose/polyaniline microspheres for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1501929 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201501929
  62. Y. Li, Y.-S. Hu, X. Qi, X. Rong, H. Li, X. Huang, L. Chen, Advanced sodium-ion batteries using superior low cost pyrolyzed anthracite anode: towards practical applications. Energy Storage Mater. 5, 191–197 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2016.07.006
  63. F. Chen, J. Yang, T. Bai, B. Long, X. Zhou, Biomass waste-derived honeycomb-like nitrogen and oxygen dual-doped porous carbon for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Electrochim. Acta 192, 99–109 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.192
  64. J. Li, W. Qin, J. Xie, H. Lei, Y. Zhu et al., Sulphur-doped reduced graphene oxide sponges as high-performance free-standing anodes for K-ion storage. Nano Energy 53, 415–424 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.08.075
  65. H. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Qiao, H. Liu, Release and transformation behavior of Cl during pyrolysis of torrefied rice straw. Fuel 183, 145–154 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.031
  66. D. Chao, P. Liang, Z. Chen, L. Bai, H. Shen, X.E.A. Liu, Pseudocapacitive Na-ion storage boosts high rate and areal capacity of self-branched 2D layered metal chalcogenide nanoarrays. ACS Nano 10, 10211–10219 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05566
  67. J. Zhang, W. Zhang, T. He, I.S. Amiinu, Z. Kou, J.E.A. Li, Smart reconstruction of dual-carbon decorated MnO for anode with high-capacity and ultralong-life lithium storage properties. Carbon 115, 95–104 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.090
  68. W. Tian, H. Hu, Y. Wang, P. Li, J. Liu et al., Metal-organic frameworks mediated synthesis of one-dimensional molybdenum-based/carbon composites for enhanced lithium storage. ACS Nano 12, 1990–2000 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b09175
  69. D. Li, L. Zhang, H. Chen, J. Wang, L.X. Ding, S. Wang, P.J. Ashman, H. Wang, Graphene-based nitrogen-doped carbon sandwich nanosheets: new capacitive process controlled anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 8630–8635 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA02139E
  70. C. Zhao, C. Yu, M. Zhang, H. Huang, S. Li, X. Han, Z. Liu, J. Yang, W. Xiao, J. Liang, Ultrafine MoO2-carbon microstructures enable ultralong-life power-type sodium ion storage by enhanced pseudocapacitance. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1602880 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602880
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Statistic
Read Counter : 10474 Download : 7934