Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

Enhanced High-Temperature Cycling Stability of Garnet-Based All Solid-State Lithium Battery Using a Multi-Functional Catholyte Buffer Layer

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01358-9
Leqi Zhao
WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Yijun Zhong
WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Chencheng Cao
WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Tony Tang
WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Zongping Shao
WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia

Corresponding Author: Zongping Shao

zongping.shao@curtin.edu.au

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 124

Abstract

The pursuit of safer and high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has triggered extensive research activities on solid-state batteries, while challenges related to the unstable electrode–electrolyte interface hinder their practical implementation. Polymer has been used extensively to improve the cathode-electrolyte interface in garnet-based all-solid-state LIBs (ASSLBs), while it introduces new concerns about thermal stability. In this study, we propose the incorporation of a multi-functional flame-retardant triphenyl phosphate additive into poly(ethylene oxide), acting as a thin buffer layer between LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode and garnet electrolyte. Through electrochemical stability tests, cycling performance evaluations, interfacial thermal stability analysis and flammability tests, improved thermal stability (capacity retention of 98.5% after 100 cycles at 60 °C, and 89.6% after 50 cycles at 80 °C) and safety characteristics (safe and stable cycling up to 100 °C) are demonstrated. Based on various materials characterizations, the mechanism for the improved thermal stability of the interface is proposed. The results highlight the potential of multi-functional flame-retardant additives to address the challenges associated with the electrode–electrolyte interface in ASSLBs at high temperature. Efficient thermal modification in ASSLBs operating at elevated temperatures is also essential for enabling large-scale energy storage with safety being the primary concern.


Highlights:
1 Thermally stable catholyte buffer layer was fabricated via incorporating a multi-functional flame-retardant triphenyl phosphate additive into poly(ethylene oxide).
2 The optimized catholyte buffer layer enabled thermal and electrochemical stability at interface level, delivering comparable cycling stability of garnet-based all solid-state lithium battery, i.e., capacity retention of 98.5% after 100 cycles at 60 °C, and 89.6% after 50 cycles at 80 °C.
3 Exceptional safety performances were demonstrated, i.e., safely cycling behavior at temperature up to 100 °C and spontaneous fire-extinguishing ability.

Keywords

Solid-state battery Cathode electrolyte interlayer Flame-retardant additive Cycling stability Interfacial stability
Zhao, Leqi, Yijun Zhong, Chencheng Cao, Tony Tang, and Zongping Shao. 2024. “Enhanced High-Temperature Cycling Stability of Garnet-Based All Solid-State Lithium Battery Using a Multi-Functional Catholyte Buffer Layer”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (February):124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01358-9.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. J.B. Goodenough, P. Singh, Review—solid electrolytes in rechargeable electrochemical cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A2387–A2392 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0021514jes
  2. A. Banerjee, X. Wang, C. Fang, E. Wu, Y.S. Meng, Interfaces and interphases in all-solid-state batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes. Chem. Rev. 120, 6878–6933 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00101
  3. L. Xu, S. Tang, Y. Cheng, K. Wang, J. Liang et al., Interfaces in solid-state lithium batteries. Joule 2, 1991–2015 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.07.009
  4. C. Wang, K. Fu, S.P. Kammampata, D.W. McOwen, A.J. Samson et al., Garnet-type solid-state electrolytes: materials, interfaces, and batteries. Chem. Rev. 120, 4257–4300 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00427
  5. J.C. Bachman, S. Muy, A. Grimaud, H.H. Chang, N. Pour et al., Inorganic solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries: mechanisms and properties governing ion conduction. Chem. Rev. 116, 140–162 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00563
  6. X. Yu, A. Manthiram, Electrode–electrolyte interfaces in lithium-based batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 527–543 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ee02555f
  7. M.S. Indu, G.V. Alexander, O.V. Sreejith, S.E. Abraham, R. Murugan, Lithium garnet-cathode interfacial chemistry: inclusive insights and outlook towardpractical solid-state lithium metal batteries. Mater. Today Energy 21, 100804 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100804
  8. C. Sun, Y. Ruan, W. Zha, W. Li, M. Cai et al., Recent advances in anodic interface engineering for solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Mater. Horiz. 7, 1667–1696 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MH00050G
  9. Z. Zhao, Z. Wen, X. Liu, H. Yang, S. Chen et al., Tuning a compatible interface with LLZTO integrated on cathode material for improving NCM811/LLZTO solid-state battery. Chem. Eng. J. 405, 127031 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2020.127031
  10. C. Roitzheim, Y.J. Sohn, L.-Y. Kuo, G. Häuschen, M. Mann et al., All-solid-state Li batteries with NCM—garnet-based composite cathodes: the impact of NCM composition on material compatibility. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5, 6913–6926 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c00533
  11. Y. Zhang, F. Chen, D. Yang, W. Zha, J. Li et al., High capacity all-solid-state lithium battery using cathodes with three-dimensional Li+ conductive network. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164, A1695–A1702 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1501707jes
  12. L. Li, Y. Deng, H. Duan, Y. Qian, G. Chen, LiF and LiNO3 as synergistic additives for PEO-PVDF/LLZTO-based composite electrolyte towards high-voltage lithium batteries with dual-interfaces stability. J. Energy Chem. 65, 319–328 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.05.055
  13. H. Wang, T. Hou, H. Cheng, B. Jiang, H. Xu et al., Bifunctional LiI additive for poly(ethylene oxide) electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and stable interfacial chemistry. J. Energy Chem. 71, 218–224 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.02.041
  14. W. Zha, F. Chen, D. Yang, Q. Shen, L. Zhang, High-performance Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12/poly(ethylene oxide)/succinonitrile composite electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries. J. Power. Sources 397, 87–94 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.005
  15. H. Liang, L. Wang, A. Wang, Y. Song, Y. Wu et al., Tailoring practically accessible polymer/inorganic composite electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries: a review. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 42 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00996-1
  16. M. Shen, Z. Wang, D. Cheng, H. Cheng, H. Xu et al., Molecular regulated polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries: mechanisms and future prospects. eTransportation 18, 100264 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2023.100264
  17. S.-S. Chi, Y. Liu, N. Zhao, X. Guo, C.-W. Nan et al., Solid polymer electrolyte soft interface layer with 3D lithium anode for all-solid-state lithium batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 17, 309–316 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.07.004
  18. Y. Zhong, C. Cao, M.O. Tadé, Z. Shao, Ionically and electronically conductive phases in a composite anode for high-rate and stable lithium stripping and plating for solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 38786–38794 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c09801
  19. Y. Su, F. Xu, X. Zhang, Y. Qiu, H. Wang, Rational design of high-performance PEO/ceramic composite solid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 82 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01055-z
  20. H. Yang, D. Mu, B. Wu, J. Bi, L. Zhang et al., Improving cathode/Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 electrolyte interface with a hybrid PVDF-HFP-based buffer layer for solid lithium battery. J. Mater. Sci. 55, 11451–11461 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04701-8
  21. J. Huang, Y. Huang, Z. Zhang, H. Gao, C. Li, Li6.7La3Zr1.7Ta0.3O12 reinforced PEO/PVDF-HFP based composite solid electrolyte for all solid-state lithium metal battery. Energy Fuels 34, 15011–15018 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03124
  22. X. Gao, Y.-N. Zhou, D. Han, J. Zhou, D. Zhou et al., Thermodynamic understanding of Li-dendrite formation. Joule 4, 1864–1879 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.06.016
  23. J. Sang, B. Tang, K. Pan, Y.-B. He, Z. Zhou, Current status and enhancement strategies for all-solid-state lithium batteries. Acc. Mater. Res. 4, 472–483 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.2c00229
  24. K. Jung, S.H. Oh, T. Yim, Triphenyl phosphate as an efficient electrolyte additive for Ni-rich NCM cathode materials. J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol. 12, 67–73 (2021). https://doi.org/10.33961/jecst.2020.00850
  25. C. Cao, Y. Zhong, K. Chandula Wasalathilake, M.O. Tadé, X. Xu et al., A low resistance and stable lithium-garnet electrolyte interface enabled by a multifunctional anode additive for solid-state lithium batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 2519–2527 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA07804F
  26. P. Bruce, Conductivity and transference number measurements on polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ion. 28–30, 918–922 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(88)90304-9
  27. J. Evans, C.A. Vincent, P.G. Bruce, Electrochemical measurement of transference numbers in polymer electrolytes. Polymer 28, 2324–2328 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(87)90394-6
  28. H. Chen, M. Zheng, S. Qian, H.Y. Ling, Z. Wu et al., Functional additives for solid polymer electrolytes in flexible and high-energy-density solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Carbon Energy 3, 929–956 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.146
  29. T. Kim, A facile treatment to improve safety and interfacial stability by an organophosphorus composite for lithium metal batteries. Mater. Lett. 338, 134023 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134023
  30. L. Chen, Q. Nian, D. Ruan, J. Fan, Y. Li et al., High-safety and high-efficiency electrolyte design for 4.6 V-class lithium-ion batteries with a non-solvating flame-retardant. Chem. Sci. 14, 1184–1193 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2sc05723a
  31. X. Wang, W. He, H. Xue, D. Zhang, J. Wang et al., A nonflammable phosphate-based localized high-concentration electrolyte for safe and high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Sustain. Energy Fuels 6, 1281–1288 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SE01919H
  32. X. Feng, Z. Zhang, R. Li, W. Xiong, B. Yu et al., New nonflammable tributyl phosphate based localized high concentration electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Sustain. Energy Fuels 6, 2198–2206 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SE00231K
  33. F. Wu, J. Dong, L. Chen, L. Bao, N. Li et al., High-voltage and high-safety nickel-rich layered cathode enabled by a self-reconstructive cathode/electrolyte interphase layer. Energy Storage Mater. 41, 495–504 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.06.018
  34. M. Chen, C. Ma, Z. Ding, L. Zhou, L. Chen et al., Upgrading electrode/electrolyte interphases via polyamide-based quasi-solid electrolyte for long-life nickel-rich lithium metal batteries. ACS Energy Lett. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00265
  35. X. Zou, Q. Lu, X. Zhang, R. Ran, W. Zhou et al., Achieving safe and dendrite-suppressed solid-state Li batteries via a novel self-extinguished trimethyl phosphate-based wetting agent. Energy Fuels 34, 11547–11556 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02222
  36. Z. Zeng, X. Liu, X. Jiang, Z. Liu, Z. Peng et al., Enabling an intrinsically safe and high-energy-density 4.5 V-class Li-ion battery with nonflammable electrolyte. InfoMat 2, 984–992 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12089
  37. N. von Aspern, S. Röser, B. Rezaei Rad, P. Murmann, B. Streipert et al., Phosphorus additives for improving high voltage stability and safety of lithium ion batteries. J. Fluor. Chem. 198, 24–33 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.02.005
  38. J. Yang, M. Zhang, Z. Chen, X. Du, S. Huang et al., Flame-retardant quasi-solid polymer electrolyte enabling sodium metal batteries with highly safe characteristic and superior cycling stability. Nano Res. 12, 2230–2237 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2369-9
  39. K. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Qiu, B. Kong, Y. Sun et al., Electrospun core-shell microfiber separator with thermal-triggered flame-retardant properties for lithium-ion batteries. Sci. Adv. 3, e1601978 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601978
  40. Y. Ye, L.-Y. Chou, Y. Liu, H. Wang, H.K. Lee et al., Ultralight and fire-extinguishing current collectors for high-energy and high-safety lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 5, 786–793 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00702-8
  41. E.-G. Shim, T.-H. Nam, J.-G. Kim, H.-S. Kim, S.-I. Moon, Electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries with triphenylphosphate as a flame-retardant additive. J. Power. Sources 172, 919–924 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.088
  42. A. Granzow, Flame retardation by phosphorus compounds. Acc. Chem. Res. 11, 177–183 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50125a001
  43. H. Tae Kim, M. Hee Kim, B. Kim, C. Min Koo, K. Kahb Koo et al., Effect of plasticization on physical and optical properties of triacetyl cellulose films for LCD application. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 512, 188–198 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1080/15421400903050905
  44. K. Lee, J. Kim, J. Bae, J. Yang, S. Hong et al., Studies on the thermal stabilization enhancement of ABS; synergistic effect by triphenyl phosphate and epoxy resin mixtures. Polymer 43, 2249–2253 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00024-1
  45. B. Schartel, Phosphorus-based flame retardancy mechanisms-old hat or a starting point for future development? Materials 3, 4710–4745 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104710
  46. S. Zugmann, M. Fleischmann, M. Amereller, R.M. Gschwind, H.D. Wiemhöfer et al., Measurement of transference numbers for lithium ion electrolytes via four different methods, a comparative study. Electrochim. Acta 56, 3926–3933 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.025
  47. K. Pożyczka, M. Marzantowicz, J.R. Dygas, F. Krok, Ionic conductivity and lithium transference number of poly(ethylene oxide): litfsi system. Electrochim. Acta 227, 127–135 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.172
  48. H. Maleki Kheimeh Sari, X. Li, Controllable cathode–electrolyte interface of Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 for lithium ion batteries: a review. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1901597 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901597
  49. J. Li, Y. Ji, H. Song, S. Chen, S. Ding et al., Insights into the interfacial degradation of high-voltage all-solid-state lithium batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 191 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00936-z
  50. S.S. Zhang, Understanding of performance degradation of LiNi0.80Co0.10Mn0.10O2 cathode material operating at high potentials. J. Energy Chem. 41, 135–141 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.05.013
  51. H. Kim, J. Park, I. Park, K. Jin, S.E. Jerng et al., Coordination tuning of cobalt phosphates towards efficient water oxidation catalyst. Nat. Commun. 6, 8253 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9253
  52. Q. Zheng, Y. Yamada, R. Shang, S. Ko, Y.-Y. Lee et al., A cyclic phosphate-based battery electrolyte for high voltage and safe operation. Nat. Energy 5, 291–298 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0567-z
  53. S.M. Bak, E. Hu, Y. Zhou, X. Yu, S.D. Senanayake et al., Structural changes and thermal stability of charged LiNixMnyCozO2 cathode materials studied by combined in situ time-resolved XRD and mass spectroscopy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 22594–22601 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am506712c
  54. A.O. Kondrakov, H. Geßwein, K. Galdina, L. de Biasi, V. Meded et al., Charge-transfer-induced lattice collapse in Ni-rich NCM cathode materials during delithiation. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 24381–24388 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b06598
  55. Y. Zhai, G. Yang, Z. Zeng, S. Song, S. Li et al., Composite hybrid quasi-solid electrolyte for high-energy lithium metal batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4, 7973–7982 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c01281
  56. L. Gao, B. Tang, H. Jiang, Z. Xie, J. Wei et al., Fiber-reinforced composite polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 6, 2100389 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202100389
  57. F. Wei, S. Wu, J. Zhang, H. Fan, L. Wang et al., Molecular reconfigurations enabling active liquid–solid interfaces for ultrafast Li diffusion kinetics in the 3D framework of a garnet solid-state electrolyte. J. Mater. Chem. A 9, 17039–17047 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA03569J
  58. L. Chen, X. Qiu, Z. Bai, L.-Z. Fan, Enhancing interfacial stability in solid-state lithium batteries with polymer/garnet solid electrolyte and composite cathode framework. J. Energy Chem. 52, 210–217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.03.052
  59. S. Wang, Q. Sun, W. Peng, Y. Ma, Y. Zhou et al., Ameliorating the interfacial issues of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries by constructing polymer/inorganic composite electrolyte. J. Energy Chem. 58, 85 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.09.033
  60. K. Liu, X. Li, J. Cai, Z. Yang, Z. Chen et al., Design of high-voltage stable hybrid electrolyte with an ultrahigh Li transference number. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 1315 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02559
  61. L. Li, H. Duan, L. Zhang, Y. Deng, G. Chen, Optimized functional additive enabled stable cathode and anode interfaces for high-voltage all-solid-state lithium batteries with significantly improved cycling performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 20331–20342 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA03982F
  62. S.L. Beshahwured, Y.-S. Wu, S.-H. Wu, W.-C. Chien, R. Jose et al., Flexible hybrid solid electrolyte incorporating ligament-shaped Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 filler for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Electrochim. Acta 366, 137348 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137348
  63. S.H.-S. Cheng, C. Liu, F. Zhu, L. Zhao, R. Fan et al., (Oxalato)borate: the key ingredient for polyethylene oxide based composite electrolyte to achieve ultra-stable performance of high voltage solid-state LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/lithium metal battery. Nano Energy 80, 105562 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105562
  64. X. Yu, Y. Liu, J.B. Goodenough, A. Manthiram, Rationally designed PEGDA-LLZTO composite electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 30703–30711 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c07547
  65. K.Z. Walle, L. Musuvadhi Babulal, S.H. Wu, W.C. Chien, R. Jose et al., Electrochemical characteristics of a polymer/garnet trilayer composite electrolyte for solid-state lithium-metal batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 2507–2520 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c17422
  66. L. Li, Y. Hu, H. Duan, Y. Deng, G. Chen, A thin composite polymer electrolyte functionalized by a novel antihydrolysis additive to enable all-solid-state lithium battery with excellent rate and cycle performance. Small Methods 7, e2300314 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202300314
  67. T. Waldmann, M. Wilka, M. Kasper, M. Fleischhammer, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Temperature dependent ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries–A Post-Mortem study. J. Power. Sources 262, 129–135 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.112
  68. A. Düvel, A. Kuhn, L. Robben, M. Wilkening, P. Heitjans, Mechanosynthesis of solid electrolytes: preparation, characterization, and Li ion transport properties of garnet-type Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 crystallizing with cubic symmetry. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 15192–15202 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp301193r
  69. L. Suo, O. Borodin, T. Gao, M. Olguin, J. Ho et al., “Water-in-salt” electrolyte enables high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion chemistries. Science 350, 938–943 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1595
  70. J. Xie, Z. Liang, Y.-C. Lu, Molecular crowding electrolytes for high-voltage aqueous batteries. Nat. Mater. 19, 1006–1011 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0667-y
  71. C. Xin, K. Wen, S. Guan, C. Xue, X. Wu et al., A cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries with long cycling stability. Front. Mater. 9, 864478 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.864478
  72. Z. Xue, D. He, X. Xie, Poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 19218–19253 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA03471J
  73. A.R. Polu, H.-W. Rhee, The effects of LiTDI salt and POSS-PEG (n = 4) hybrid nanops on crystallinity and ionic conductivity of PEO based solid polymer electrolytes. Sci. Adv. Mater. 8, 931–940 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2016.2657
  74. X. Qian, N. Gu, Z. Cheng, X. Yang, E. Wang et al., Plasticizer effect on the ionic conductivity of PEO-based polymer electrolyte. Mater. Chem. Phys. 74, 98–103 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0254-0584(01)00408-4
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Statistic
Read Counter : 3086 Download : 2187

Most read articles by the same author(s)