Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

Advances of Electrochemical and Electrochemiluminescent Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01249-5
Yue Cao
Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
Ru Wu
State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
Yan‑Yan Gao
Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
Yang Zhou
Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
Jun‑Jie Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Jun‑Jie Zhu

jjzhu@nju.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 37

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a rapidly developing category of crystalline conjugated organic polymers, possess highly ordered structures, large specific surface areas, stable chemical properties, and tunable pore microenvironments. Since the first report of boroxine/boronate ester-linked COFs in 2005, COFs have rapidly gained popularity, showing important application prospects in various fields, such as sensing, catalysis, separation, and energy storage. Among them, COFs-based electrochemical (EC) sensors with upgraded analytical performance are arousing extensive interest. In this review, therefore, we summarize the basic properties and the general synthesis methods of COFs used in the field of electroanalytical chemistry, with special emphasis on their usages in the fabrication of chemical sensors, ions sensors, immunosensors, and aptasensors. Notably, the emerged COFs in the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) realm are thoroughly covered along with their preliminary applications. Additionally, final conclusions on state-of-the-art COFs are provided in terms of EC and ECL sensors, as well as challenges and prospects for extending and improving the research and applications of COFs in electroanalytical chemistry.


Highlights:
1 Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show enormous potential for building high-performance electrochemical sensors due to their high porosity, large specific surface areas, stable rigid topology, ordered structures, and tunable pore microenvironments.
2 The basic properties, monomers, and general synthesis methods of COFs in the electroanalytical chemistry field are introduced, with special emphasis on their usages in the fabrication of chemical sensors, ions sensors, immunosensors, and aptasensors.
3 The emerged COFs in the electrochemiluminescence realm are thoroughly covered along with their preliminary applications.

Keywords

Covalent organic frameworks Electrochemistry Electrochemiluminescence Sensors
Cao, Yue, Ru Wu, Yan‑Yan Gao, Yang Zhou, and Jun‑Jie Zhu. 2023. “Advances of Electrochemical and Electrochemiluminescent Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (November):37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01249-5.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. A.P. Côté, A.I. Benin, N.W. Ockwig, M. O’Keeffe, A.J. Matzger et al., Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks. Science 310(5751), 1166–1170 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120411
  2. K. Geng, T. He, R. Liu, S. Dalapati, K.T. Tan et al., Covalent organic frameworks: design, synthesis, and functions. Chem. Rev. 120(16), 8814–8933 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00550
  3. N. Huang, P. Wang, D. Jiang, Covalent organic frameworks: a materials platform for structural and functional designs. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1(10), 16068 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.68
  4. H. Xu, J. Gao, D. Jiang, Stable, crystalline, porous, covalent organic frameworks as a platform for chiral organocatalysts. Nat. Chem. 7(11), 905–912 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2352
  5. Y. Jin, Y. Hu, W. Zhang, Tessellated multiporous two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Nat. Rev. Chem. 1(7), 0056 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-017-0056
  6. P. Pachfule, A. Acharjya, J. Roeser, T. Langenhahn, M. Schwarze et al., Diacetylene functionalized covalent organic framework (COF) for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140(4), 1423–1427 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b11255
  7. Y. Xiong, Q. Liao, Z. Huang, X. Huang, C. Ke et al., Ultrahigh responsivity photodetectors of 2D covalent organic frameworks integrated on graphene. Adv. Mater. 32(9), 1907242 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907242
  8. E. Vitaku, C.N. Gannett, K.L. Carpenter, L. Shen, H.D. Abruña et al., Phenazine-based covalent organic framework cathode materials with high energy and power densities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142(1), 16–20 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b08147
  9. S. Karak, K. Dey, A. Torris, A. Halder, S. Bera et al., Inducing disorder in order: hierarchically porous covalent organic framework nanostructures for rapid removal of persistent organic pollutants. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(18), 7572–7581 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b02706
  10. Q.Q. Jiang, Y.J. Li, Q. Wu, R.P. Liang, X. Wang et al., Molecular insertion: a master key to unlock smart photoelectric responses of covalent organic frameworks. Small 19, e2302254 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202302254
  11. J. Chang, C. Li, X. Wang, D. Li, J. Zhang et al., Quasi-three-dimensional cyclotriphosphazene-based covalent organic framework nanosheet for efficient oxygen reduction. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 159 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01111-8
  12. E. Bakker, M. Telting-Diaz, Electrochemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 74(12), 2781–2800 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0202278
  13. H. Liang, M. Xu, Y. Zhu, L. Wang, Y. Xie et al., H2O2 ratiometric electrochemical sensors based on nanospheres derived from ferrocence-modified covalent organic frameworks. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3(1), 555–562 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02117
  14. H. Liang, L. Wang, Y. Yang, Y. Song, L. Wang, A novel biosensor based on multienzyme microcapsules constructed from covalent-organic framework. Biosens. Bioelectron. 193, 113553 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113553
  15. N. Karimian, P. Hashemi, A. Afkhami, H. Bagheri, The principles of bipolar electrochemistry and its electroanalysis applications. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 17, 30–37 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.04.015
  16. A. Khanmohammadi, A. Jalili Ghazizadeh, P. Hashemi, A. Afkhami, F. Arduini et al., An overview to electrochemical biosensors and sensors for the detection of environmental contaminants. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 17(10), 2429–2447 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01940-z
  17. Y. Cao, J.J. Zhu, Recent progress in electrochemiluminescence of halide perovskites. Front. Chem. 9, 629830 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.629830
  18. Y. Cao, Y. Zhou, Y. Lin, J.J. Zhu, Hierarchical metal-organic framework-confined CsPbBr3 quantum dots and aminated carbon dots: a new self-sustaining suprastructure for electrochemiluminescence bioanalysis. Anal. Chem. 93(3), 1818–1825 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04717
  19. T. Han, C. Ma, L. Wang, Y. Cao, H.Y. Chen et al., A novel electrochemiluminescence Janus emitter for dual-mode biosensing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(24), 2200863 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202200863
  20. Y. Cao, J.L. Zhou, Y. Ma, Y. Zhou, J.J. Zhu, Recent progress of metal nanoclusters in electrochemiluminescence. Dalton Trans. 51(23), 8927–8937 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2dt00810f
  21. C. Ma, Y. Cao, X. Gou, J.J. Zhu, Recent progress in electrochemiluminescence sensing and imaging. Anal. Chem. 92(1), 431–454 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04947
  22. C. Zhang, M. Cui, J. Ren, Y. Xing, N. Li et al., Facile synthesis of novel spherical covalent organic frameworks integrated with Pt nanops and multiwalled carbon nanotubes as electrochemical probe for tanshinol drug detection. Chem. Eng. J. 401, 126025 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126025
  23. Y. Chen, Y. Xie, X. Sun, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Tunable construction of crystalline and shape-tailored Co3O4@TAPB-DMTP-COF composites for the enhancement of tert-butylhydroquinone electrocatalysis. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 331, 129438 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129438
  24. J. Han, J. Yu, Y. Guo, L. Wang, Y. Song, COFBTLP-1/three-dimensional macroporous carbon electrode for simultaneous electrochemical detection o f Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 321, 128498 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128498
  25. X.Y. Ji, K. Sun, Z.K. Liu, X. Liu, W. Dong et al., Identification of dynamic active sites among Cu species derived from MOFs@CuPc for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction to ammonia. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 110 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01091-9
  26. N. Karimian, P. Hashemi, A. Khanmohammadi, A. Afkhami, H. Bagheri, The principles and recent applications of bioelectrocatalysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Res. 7(3), 281–301 (2020). https://doi.org/10.22036/ABCR.2020.206676.1423
  27. M.M. Bordbar, A. Sheini, P. Hashemi, A. Hajian, H. Bagheri, Disposable paper-based biosensors for the point-of-care detection of hazardous contaminations-a review. Biosensors 11(9), 316 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090316
  28. Y. Gao, J. Wang, Y. Yang, J. Wang, C. Zhang et al., Engineering spin states of isolated copper species in a metal–organic framework improves urea electrosynthesis. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 158 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01127-0
  29. H. Fakhri, H. Bagheri, Highly efficient Zr-MOF@WO3/graphene oxide photocatalyst: synthesis, characterization and photodegradation of tetracycline and malathion. Mat. Sci. Semicon. Proc. 107, 104815 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2019.104815
  30. N. Karimian, H. Fakhri, S. Amidi, A. Hajian, F. Arduini et al., A novel sensing layer based on metal-organic framework UiO-66 modified with TiO2-graphene oxide: application to rapid, sensitive and simultaneous determination of paraoxon and chlorpyrifos. New J. Chem. 43(6), 2600–2609 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nj06208k
  31. S.M. Khoshfetrat, H. Khoshsafar, A. Afkhami, M.A. Mehrgardi, H. Bagheri, Enhanced visual wireless electrochemiluminescence immunosensing of prostate-specific antigen based on the luminol loaded into MIL-53(Fe)-NH2 accelerator and hydrogen evolution reaction mediation. Anal. Chem. 91(9), 6383–6390 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01506
  32. H. Khoshsafar, N. Karimian, T.A. Nguyen, H. Fakhri, A. Khanmohammadi et al., Enzymeless voltammetric sensor for simultaneous determination of parathion and paraoxon based on Nd-based metal-organic framework. Chemosphere 292, 133440 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133440
  33. B. Cao, H. Liu, X. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Zhu et al., MOF-derived ZnS nanodots/Ti3C2Tx mxene hybrids boosting superior lithium storage performance. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 202 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00728-x
  34. Z. Ye, Y. Jiang, L. Li, F. Wu, R. Chen, Rational design of mof-based materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 203 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00726-z
  35. X. Huang, J. Wei, Y. Zhang, B. Qian, Q. Jia et al., Ultralight magnetic and dielectric aerogels achieved by metal-organic framework initiated gelation of graphene oxide for enhanced microwave absorption. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00851-3
  36. G. Nagaraju, S.C. Sekhar, B. Ramulu, S.K. Hussain, D. Narsimulu et al., Ternary MOF-based redox active sites enabled 3D-on-2D nanoarchitectured battery-type electrodes for high-energy-density supercapatteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 17 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00528-9
  37. Z. Cao, R. Momen, S. Tao, D. Xiong, Z. Song et al., Metal-organic framework materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 181 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00910-9
  38. J. Chen, D. Sheng, T. Ying, H. Zhao, J. Zhang et al., MoFs-based nitric oxide therapy for tendon regeneration. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 23 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00542-x
  39. X. He, Fundamental perspectives on the electrochemical water applications of metal-organic frameworks. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 148 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01124-3
  40. Y. Hu, H. Huang, D. Yu, X. Wang, L. Li et al., All-climate Aluminum-ion batteries based on binder-free mof-derived FeS2@C/CNT cathode. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 159 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00682-8
  41. J. Huang, P. Wu, Controlled assembly of luminescent lanthanide-organic frameworks via post-treatment of 3D-printed objects. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00543-w
  42. Y. Lu, R. Zhou, N. Wang, Y. Yang, Z. Zheng et al., Engineer nanoscale defects into selective channels: MOF-enhanced Li+ separation by porous layered double hydroxide membrane. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 147 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01101-w
  43. C. Li, Y. Ji, Y. Wang, C. Liu, Z. Chen et al., Applications of metal–organic frameworks and their derivatives in electrochemical CO2 reduction. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01092-8
  44. Y. Zhu, K. Yue, C. Xia, S. Zaman, H. Yang et al., Recent advances on MOF derivatives for non-noble metal oxygen electrocatalysts in zinc–air batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 137 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00669-5
  45. X. Chen, L. Kong, J.A. Mehrez, C. Fan, W. Quan et al., Outstanding humidity chemiresistors based on imine-linked covalent organic framework films for human respiration monitoring. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 149 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01107-4
  46. R. Yuan, H.K. Li, H. He, Recent advances in metal/covalent organic framework-based electrochemical aptasensors for biosensing applications. Dalton Trans. 50(40), 14091–14104 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1dt02360h
  47. X. Zhao, P. Pachfule, A. Thomas, Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for electrochemical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50(12), 6871–6913 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cs01569e
  48. X. Zhang, G. Li, D. Wu, B. Zhang, N. Hu et al., Recent advances in the construction of functionalized covalent organic frameworks and their applications to sensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 145, 111699 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111699
  49. B. Mohan, R. Kumari, Virender, G. Singh, K. Singh et al., Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as electrochemical sensors for the efficient detection of pharmaceutical residues. Environ. Int. 175, 107928 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107928
  50. X. Xu, Z. Zhang, R. Xiong, G. Lu, J. Zhang et al., Bending resistance covalent organic framework superlattice: “nano-hourglass”-induced charge accumulation for flexible in-plane micro-supercapacitors. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 25 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00997-0
  51. G. Yan, X. Sun, Y. Zhang, H. Li, H. Huang et al., Metal-free 2D/2D van der waals heterojunction based on covalent organic frameworks for highly efficient solar energy catalysis. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 132 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01100-x
  52. T. Zhang, C. Gao, W. Huang, Y. Chen, Y. Wang et al., Covalent organic framework as a novel electrochemical platform for highly sensitive and stable detection of lead. Talanta 188, 578–583 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.032
  53. F. Pan, C. Tong, Z. Wang, H. Han, P. Liu et al., Nanocomposite based on graphene and intercalated covalent organic frameworks with hydrosulphonyl groups for electrochemical determination of heavy metal ions. Microchim. Acta 188(9), 295 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-04956-1
  54. H. Wang, J. Zhao, Y. Li, Y. Cao, Z. Zhu et al., Aqueous two-phase interfacial assembly of COF membranes for water desalination. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 216 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00968-5
  55. O. Yildirim, B. Derkus, Triazine-based 2D covalent organic frameworks improve the electrochemical performance of enzymatic biosensors. J. Mater. Sci. 55(7), 3034–3044 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04254-5
  56. X. Liu, M. Hu, M. Wang, Y. Song, N. Zhou et al., Novel nanoarchitecture of Co-MOF-on-TPN-COF hybrid: ultralowly sensitive bioplatform of electrochemical aptasensor toward ampicillin. Biosens. Bioelectron. 123, 59–68 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.089
  57. Y. Cao, R. Wu, Y. Zhou, D. Jiang, W. Zhu, A bioinspired photocatalysis and electrochemiluminescence scaffold for simultaneous degradation and in situ evaluation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(31), 2203005 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202203005
  58. J.L. Zhang, L.Y. Yao, Y. Yang, W.B. Liang, R. Yuan et al., Conductive covalent organic frameworks with conductivity- and pre-reduction-enhanced electrochemiluminescence for ultrasensitive biosensor construction. Anal. Chem. 94(8), 3685–3692 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05436
  59. Y.J. Li, W.R. Cui, Q.Q. Jiang, Q. Wu, R.P. Liang et al., A general design approach toward covalent organic frameworks for highly efficient electrochemiluminescence. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 4735 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25013-8
  60. Y. Sun, G.I.N. Waterhouse, L. Xu, X. Qiao, Z. Xu, Three-dimensional electrochemical sensor with covalent organic framework decorated carbon nanotubes signal amplification for the detection of furazolidone. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 321, 128501 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128501
  61. L. Wang, Y. Song, Y. Luo, L. Wang, A novel covalent organic framework with multiple adsorption sites for removal of Hg2+ and sensitive detection of nitrofural. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 106, 374–381 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.11.014
  62. D. Li, H. Zhao, G. Wang, R. Liu, L. Bai, Room-temperature ultrasonic-assisted self-assembled synthesis of silkworm cocoon-like COFs@GCNTs composite for sensitive detection of diuron in food samples. Food Chem. 418, 135999 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135999
  63. B. Liu, H. Guo, L. Sun, Z. Pan, L. Peng et al., Electrochemical sensor based on covalent organic frameworks/MWCNT for simultaneous detection of catechol and hydroquinone. Colloids Surf. A 639, 128335 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128335
  64. H. Guo, B. Liu, Z. Pan, L. Sun, L. Peng et al., Electrochemical determination of dopamine and uric acid with covalent organic frameworks and Ox-MWCNT co-modified glassy carbon electrode. Colloids Surf. A 648, 129316 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129316
  65. Z. Pan, Y. Wei, H. Guo, B. Liu, L. Sun et al., Sensitive detection of sulfamethoxazole by an electrochemical sensing platform with a covalent organic framework in situ grown on polyaniline. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 348, 112409 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2022.112409
  66. S. Lu, S. Wang, P. Wu, D. Wang, J. Yi et al., A composite prepared from covalent organic framework and gold nanops for the electrochemical determination of enrofloxacin. Adv. Powder Technol. 32(6), 2106–2115 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.04.025
  67. T. Zhang, Y. Chen, W. Huang, Y. Wang, X. Hu, A novel AuNPs-doped COFs composite as electrochemical probe for chlorogenic acid detection with enhanced sensitivity and stability. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 276, 362–369 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.08.132
  68. Q. Guan, H. Guo, R. Xue, M. Wang, N. Wu et al., Electrochemical sensing platform based on covalent organic framework materials and gold nanops for high sensitivity determination of theophylline and caffeine. Microchim. Acta 188(3), 85 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-04744-x
  69. X. Zhang, J. Zhu, Z. Wu, W. Wen, X. Zhang et al., Electrochemical sensor based on confined synthesis of gold nanops@covalent organic frameworks for the detection of bisphenol A. Anal. Chim. Acta 1239, 340743 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.340743
  70. H. Zhao, K. Shi, C. Zhang, J. Ren, M. Cui et al., Spherical COFs decorated with gold nanops and multiwalled carbon nanotubes as signal amplifier for sensitive electrochemical detection of doxorubicin. Microchem. J. 182, 107865 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107865
  71. R. Chen, X. Peng, Y. Song, Y. Du, A paper-based electrochemical sensor based on PtNP/COFTFPB-DHzDS@rGO for sensitive detection of furazolidone. Biosensors 12(10), 904 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100904
  72. Q. Guan, H. Guo, R. Xue, M. Wang, X. Zhao et al., Electrochemical sensor based on covalent organic frameworks-MWCNT-NH2/AuNPs for simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid. J. Electroanal. Chem. 880, 114932 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114932
  73. Z. Pan, H. Guo, B. Liu, L. Sun, Y. Chen et al., A sensitive electrochemical sensing platform based on nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework for simultaneous detection of guanine and adenine. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 340, 112030 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2022.112030
  74. W. Wei, S. Zhou, D.D. Ma, Q. Li, M. Ran et al., Ultrathin conductive bithiazole-based covalent organic framework nanosheets for highly efficient electrochemical biosensing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(36), 2302917 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202302917
  75. X. Lin, Y. Deng, Y. He, J. Chen, S. Hu, Construction of hydrophilic N, O-rich carboxylated triazine-covalent organic frameworks for the application in selective simultaneous electrochemical detection. Appl. Surf. Sci. 545, 149047 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149047
  76. X. Tan, Y. Fan, S. Wang, Y. Wu, W. Shi, Ultrasensitive and highly selective electrochemical sensing of sodium picrate by dihydroxylatopillar[6]arene-modified gold nanops and cationic pillar[6]arene functionalized covalent organic framework. Electrochim. Acta 335, 135706 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135706
  77. Y. Xiao, N. Wu, L. Wang, L. Chen, A novel paper-based electrochemical biosensor based on N, O-rich covalent organic frameworks for carbaryl detection. Biosensors 12(10), 899 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100899
  78. L. Wang, H. Liang, M. Xu, L. Wang, Y. Xie et al., Ratiometric electrochemical biosensing based on double-enzymes loaded on two-dimensional dual-pore COFETTA-TPAL. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 298, 126859 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.126859
  79. X. Zha, X. Sun, H. Chu, Y. Wang, Synthesis of bimetallic covalent organic framework nanocomposite for enhanced electrochemical detection of gallic acid. Colloids Surf. A 651, 129748 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129748
  80. H. Chu, X. Sun, X. Zha, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Synthesis of core-shell structured metal oxide@covalent organic framework composites as a novel electrochemical platform for dopamine sensing. Colloids Surf. A 648, 129238 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129238
  81. Y. Xie, M. Xu, L. Wang, H. Liang, L. Wang et al., Iron-porphyrin-based covalent-organic frameworks for electrochemical sensing H2O2 and pH. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 112, 110864 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110864
  82. C. Zhang, L. Fan, J. Ren, M. Cui, N. Li et al., Facile synthesis of surface functionalized Pd2+@P-CDP/COFs for highly sensitive detection of norfloxacin drug based on the host-guest interaction. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 219, 114956 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114956
  83. L. Wang, Y. Xie, Y. Yang, H. Liang, L. Wang et al., Electroactive covalent organic frameworks/carbon nanotubes composites for electrochemical sensing. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3(2), 1412–1419 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02257
  84. N. Wu, L. Wang, Y. Xie, Y. Du, Y. Song et al., Double signal ratiometric electrochemical riboflavin sensor based on macroporous carbon/electroactive thionine-contained covalent organic framework. J. Colloids Interface Sci. 608(1), 219–226 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.162
  85. M. Xu, L. Wang, Y. Xie, Y. Song, L. Wang, Ratiometric electrochemical sensing and biosensing based on multiple redox-active state COFDHTA-TTA. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 281, 1009–1015 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.11.032
  86. Y.H. Pang, Y.Y. Wang, X.F. Shen, J.Y. Qiao, Covalent organic framework modified carbon cloth for ratiometric electrochemical sensing of bisphenol A and S. Microchim. Acta 189(5), 189 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-022-05297-3
  87. M.R. Jalali Sarvestani, T. Madrakian, A. Afkhami, Ultra-trace levels voltammetric determination of Pb2+ in the presence of Bi3+ at food samples by a Fe3O4@schiff base network1 modified glassy carbon electrode. Talanta 250, 123716 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123716
  88. L. Wang, Y. Yang, H. Liang, N. Wu, X. Peng et al., A novel N, S-rich COF and its derived hollow N, S-doped carbon@Pd nanorods for electrochemical detection of Hg2+ and paracetamol. J. Hazard. Mater. 409, 124528 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124528
  89. L. Pei, J. Su, H. Yang, Y. Wu, Y. Du et al., A novel covalent-organic framework for highly sensitive detection of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 333, 111742 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2022.111742
  90. J. Han, L. Pei, Y. Du, Y. Zhu, Tripolycyanamide-2,4,6-triformyl pyrogallol covalent organic frameworks with many coordination sites for detection and removal of heavy metal ions. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 107, 53–60 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.11.027
  91. L. Yu, L. Sun, Q. Zhang, J. Zhang, B. Yang et al., Highly efficient determination of Mn2+ in chinese liquor by using a novel electrochemical sensor based on TiO2-NH2@covalent organic framework nanocomposites. Anal. Methods 15(21), 2622–2630 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ay00222e
  92. S. Feng, M. Yan, Y. Xue, J. Huang, X. Yang, Electrochemical immunosensor for cardiac troponin I detection based on covalent organic framework and enzyme-catalyzed signal amplification. Anal. Chem. 93(40), 13572–13579 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02636
  93. T. Zhang, N. Ma, A. Ali, Q. Wei, D. Wu et al., Electrochemical ultrasensitive detection of cardiac troponin I using covalent organic frameworks for signal amplification. Biosens. Bioelectron. 119, 176–181 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.020
  94. H. Liang, H. Xu, Y. Zhao, J. Zheng, H. Zhao et al., Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for prostate specific antigen detection with a phosphorene platform and magnetic covalent organic framework signal amplifier. Biosens. Bioelectron. 144, 111691 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111691
  95. T.Z. Liu, R. Hu, X. Zhang, K.L. Zhang, Y. Liu et al., Metal-organic framework nanomaterials as novel signal probes for electron transfer mediated ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassay. Anal. Chem. 88(24), 12516–12523 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04191
  96. H. Boyacıoğlu, B.B. Yola, C. Karaman, O. Karaman, N. Atar et al., A novel electrochemical kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) immunosensor based covalent organic frameworks-gold nanops composite and porous NiCo2S4@CeO2 microspheres: the monitoring of acute kidney injury. Appl. Surf. Sci. 578, 152093 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.152093
  97. Y. Chen, S. Wang, J. Ren, H. Zhao, M. Cui et al., Electrocatalysis of copper sulfide nanop-engineered covalent organic frameworks for ratiometric electrochemical detection of amyloid-beta oligomer. Anal. Chem. 94(32), 11201–11208 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01602
  98. H. Liu, S. Ma, G. Ning, R. Zhang, H. Liang et al., A “peptide-target-aptamer” electrochemical biosensor for norovirus detection using a black phosphorous nanosheet@Ti3C2-Mxene nanohybrid and magnetic covalent organic framework. Talanta 258, 124433 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124433
  99. Z. Chen, M. Yang, Z. Li, W. Liao, B. Chen et al., Highly sensitive and convenient aptasensor based on Au NPs@Ce-TpBpy COF for quantitative determination of zearalenone. RSC Adv. 12(27), 17312–17320 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra02093a
  100. Z. Song, J. Song, F. Gao, X. Chen, Q. Wang et al., Novel electroactive ferrocene-based covalent organic frameworks towards electrochemical label-free aptasensors for the detection of cardiac troponin i. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 368, 132205 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132205
  101. Q.Q. Zhu, W.W. Zhang, H.W. Zhang, R. Yuan, H. He, Elaborately manufacturing an electrochemical aptasensor based on gold nanop/COF composites for amplified detection performance. J. Mater. Chem. C 8(47), 16984–16991 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tc04202a
  102. Q.Q. Zhu, H.K. Li, X.L. Sun, Z.Y. Han, J. Sun et al., Rational incorporation of covalent organic framework/carbon nanotube (COF/CNT) composites for electrochemical aptasensing of ultra-trace atrazine. J. Mater. Chem. C 9(25), 8043–8050 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01506k
  103. M. Wang, M. Hu, J. Liu, C. Guo, D. Peng et al., Covalent organic framework-based electrochemical aptasensors for the ultrasensitive detection of antibiotics. Biosens. Bioelectron. 132, 8–16 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.040
  104. X. Yan, Y. Song, J. Liu, N. Zhou, C. Zhang et al., Two-dimensional porphyrin-based covalent organic framework: a novel platform for sensitive epidermal growth factor receptor and living cancer cell detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 126, 734–742 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.047
  105. Z. He, J. Goulas, E. Parker, Y. Sun, X.D. Zhou et al., Review on covalent organic frameworks and derivatives for electrochemical and photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Catal. Today 409, 103–118 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2022.04.021
  106. T. Zhang, Y. Song, Y. Xing, Y. Gu, X. Yan et al., The synergistic effect of Au-COF nanosheets and artificial peroxidase Au@ZIF-8(NiPd) rhombic dodecahedra for signal amplification for biomarker detection. Nanoscale 11(42), 20221–20227 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07190c
  107. Y. Chen, W. Li, X.H. Wang, R.Z. Gao, A.N. Tang et al., Green synthesis of covalent organic frameworks based on reaction media. Mater. Chem. Front. 5(3), 1253–1267 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0qm00801j
  108. H. Wang, Z. Zeng, P. Xu, L. Li, G. Zeng et al., Recent progress in covalent organic framework thin films: fabrications, applications and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 48(2), 488–516 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00376a
  109. X. Huang, L. Li, S. Zhao, L. Tong, Z. Li et al., MOF-like 3D graphene-based catalytic membrane fabricated by one-step laser scribing for robust water purification and green energy production. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 174 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00923-4
  110. J. Qiao, X. Zhang, C. Liu, L. Lyu, Y. Yang et al., Non-magnetic bimetallic MOF-derived porous carbon-wrapped TiO2/ZrTiO4 composites for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 75 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00606-6
  111. C. Qiu, K. Qian, J. Yu, M. Sun, S. Cao et al., MOF-transformed In2O3-x@C nanocorn electrocatalyst for efficient CO2 reduction to HCOOH. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 167 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00913-6
  112. V. Schroeder, S. Savagatrup, M. He, S. Lin, T.M. Swager, Carbon nanotube chemical sensors. Chem. Rev. 119(1), 599–663 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00340
  113. Z. Wang, L. Dong, W. Huang, H. Jia, Q. Zhao et al., Simultaneously regulating uniform Zn2+ flux and electron conduction by mof/rgo interlayers for high-performance Zn anodes. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 73 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00594-7
  114. H. Chu, X. Sun, X. Zha, S.U. Khan, Y. Wang, Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of butylated hydroxy anisole via metalloporphyrin covalent organic frameworks possessing variable catalytic active sites. Biosensors 12(11), 975 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110975
  115. T. Yang, R. Yu, Y. Yan, H. Zeng, S. Luo et al., A review of ratiometric electrochemical sensors: from design schemes to future prospects. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 274, 501–516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.07.138
  116. Y. Cao, C. Ma, J.J. Zhu, DNA technology-assisted signal amplification strategies in electrochemiluminescence bioanalysis. J. Anal. Test. 5(2), 95–111 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41664-021-00175-y
  117. J. Cao, P. Ouyang, S. Yu, F. Shi, C. Ren et al., Hedgehog-like Bi2S3 nanostructures: a novel composite soft template route to the synthesis and sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of the liver cancer biomarker. Chem. Commun. 57(14), 1766–1769 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc07572h
  118. T. Han, Y. Cao, H.Y. Chen, J.J. Zhu, Versatile porous nanomaterials for electrochemiluminescence biosensing: recent advances and future perspective. J. Electroanal. Chem. 902, 115821 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115821
  119. Y. Zhang, B.S. Lai, M. Juhas, Recent advances in aptamer discovery and applications. Molecules 24(5), 941 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050941
  120. Y.W. Zhang, Y. Cao, C.J. Mao, D. Jiang, W. Zhu, An iron(III)-based metal-organic gel-catalyzed dual electrochemiluminescence system for cytosensing and in situ evaluation of the VEGF165 subtype. Anal. Chem. 94(9), 4095–4102 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00032
  121. S.M. Khoshfetrat, K. Fasihi, F. Moradnia, H. Kamil Zaidan, E. Sanchooli, A label-free multicolor colorimetric and fluorescence dual mode biosensing of HIV-1 DNA based on the bifunctional NiFe2O4@UiO-66 nanozyme. Anal. Chim. Acta 1252, 341073 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2023.341073
  122. S.M. Khoshfetrat, P.S. Dorraji, L. Fotouhi, M. Hosseini, F. Khatami et al., Enhanced electrochemiluminescence biosensing of gene-specific methylation in thyroid cancer patients’ plasma based integrated graphitic carbon nitride-encapsulated metal-organic framework nanozyme optimized by central composite design. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 364, 131895 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.131895
  123. S.M. Khoshfetrat, P. Seyed Dorraji, M. Shayan, F. Khatami, K. Omidfar, Smartphone-based electrochemiluminescence for visual simultaneous detection of RASSF1A and SLC5A8 tumor suppressor gene methylation in thyroid cancer patient plasma. Anal. Chem. 94(22), 8005–8013 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01132
  124. A. Ahmadi, S.M. Khoshfetrat, Z. Mirzaeizadeh, S. Kabiri, J. Rezaie et al., Electrochemical immunosensor for determination of cardiac troponin i using two-dimensional metal-organic framework/Fe3O4–COOH nanosheet composites loaded with thionine and pCTAB/DES modified electrode. Talanta 237, 122911 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122911
  125. S.M. Khoshfetrat, P. Hashemi, A. Afkhami, A. Hajian, H. Bagheri, Cascade electrochemiluminescence-based integrated graphitic carbon nitride-encapsulated metal-organic framework nanozyme for prostate-specific antigen biosensing. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 348, 130658 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130658
  126. H. Zhao, F. Wang, L. Cui, X. Xu, X. Han et al., Composition optimization and microstructure design in mofs-derived magnetic carbon-based microwave absorbers: a review. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 208 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00734-z
  127. Z. Zhang, Z. Cai, Z. Wang, Y. Peng, L. Xia et al., A review on metal-organic framework-derived porous carbon-based novel microwave absorption materials. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 56 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00582-3
  128. X. Zhang, J. Qiao, Y. Jiang, F. Wang, X. Tian et al., Carbon-based MOF derivatives: emerging efficient electromagnetic wave absorption agents. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 135 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00658-8
  129. R. Luo, H. Lv, Q. Liao, N. Wang, J. Yang et al., Intrareticular charge transfer regulated electrochemiluminescence of donor-acceptor covalent organic frameworks. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 6808 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27127-5
  130. W.R. Cui, Y.J. Li, Q.Q. Jiang, Q. Wu, R.P. Liang et al., Tunable covalent organic framework electrochemiluminescence from non-electroluminescent monomers. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 3(2), 100630 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100630
  131. W.J. Zeng, K. Wang, W.B. Liang, Y.Q. Chai, R. Yuan et al., Covalent organic frameworks as micro-reactors: confinement-enhanced electrochemiluminescence. Chem. Sci. 11(21), 5410–5414 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sc01817a
  132. Y. Cao, W. Zhu, H. Wei, C. Ma, Y. Lin et al., Stable and monochromatic all-inorganic halide perovskite assisted by hollow carbon nitride nanosphere for ratiometric electrochemiluminescence bioanalysis. Anal. Chem. 92(5), 4123–4130 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00070
  133. Y.J. Li, W.R. Cui, Q.Q. Jiang, R.P. Liang, X.J. Li et al., Arousing electrochemiluminescence out of non-electroluminescent monomers within covalent organic frameworks. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(40), 47921–47931 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c12958
  134. W.R. Cui, Y.J. Li, Q.Q. Jiang, Q. Wu, Q.X. Luo et al., Covalent organic frameworks as advanced uranyl electrochemiluminescence monitoring platforms. Anal. Chem. 93(48), 16149–16157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03907
  135. S. Carrara, A. Aliprandi, C.F. Hogan, L. De Cola, Aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence of platinum(II) complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139(41), 14605–14610 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b07710
  136. X. Wei, M.J. Zhu, Z. Cheng, M. Lee, H. Yan et al., Aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence of carboranyl carbazoles in aqueous media. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58(10), 3162–3166 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201900283
  137. T. Han, Y. Cao, J. Wang, J. Jiao, Y. Song et al., Crystallization-induced enhanced electrochemiluminescence from a new tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) derivative. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(12), 2212394 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202212394
  138. Q.X. Luo, W.R. Cui, Y.J. Li, Y.J. Cai, X.L. Mao et al., Construction of sp2 carbon-conjugated covalent organic frameworks for framework-induced electrochemiluminescence. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 3(10), 4490–4497 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.1c00636
  139. S. Li, X. Ma, C. Pang, M. Wang, G. Yin et al., Novel chloramphenicol sensor based on aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence and nanozyme amplification. Biosens. Bioelectron. 176, 112944 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112944
  140. S. Li, C. Pang, X. Ma, Y. Wu, M. Wang et al., Aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence and molecularly imprinted polymer based sensor with Fe3O4@Pt nanop amplification for ultrasensitive ciprofloxacin detection. Microchem. J. 178, 107345 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107345
  141. J.L. Zhang, Y. Yang, W.B. Liang, L.Y. Yao, R. Yuan et al., Highly stable covalent organic framework nanosheets as a new generation of electrochemiluminescence emitters for ultrasensitive microrna detection. Anal. Chem. 93(6), 3258–3265 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04931
  142. L. Cui, C.Y. Zhu, J. Hu, X.M. Meng, M. Jiang et al., Construction of a dual-mode biosensor for electrochemiluminescent and electrochemical sensing of alkaline phosphatase. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 374, 132779 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132779
  143. Y. Yang, H. Jiang, J. Li, J. Zhang, S.Z. Gao et al., Highly stable Ru-complex-based metal-covalent organic frameworks as novel type of electrochemiluminescence emitters for ultrasensitive biosensing. Mater. Horiz. 10, 3005–3013 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00260h
  144. L. Song, W. Gao, S. Wang, H. Bi, S. Deng et al., Construction of an aminal-linked covalent organic framework-based electrochemiluminescent sensor for enantioselective sensing phenylalanine. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 373, 132751 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132751
  145. L. Song, W. Gao, Q. Han, Y. Huang, L. Cui et al., Construction of an aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescent sensor based on an aminal-linked covalent organic framework for sensitive detection of glutathione in human serum. Chem. Commun. 58(75), 10524–10527 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cc03753j
  146. X.L. Mao, Q.X. Luo, Y.J. Cai, X. Liu, Q.Q. Jiang et al., Structural isomerism of covalent organic frameworks causing different electrochemiluminescence effects and its application for the detection of arsenic. Anal. Chem. 95(28), 10803–10811 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02082
  147. Q.Q. Jiang, Y.J. Li, Q. Wu, X. Wang, Q.X. Luo et al., Guest molecular assembly strategy in covalent organic frameworks for electrochemiluminescence sensing of uranyl. Anal. Chem. 95(22), 8696–8705 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01299
  148. Q.X. Luo, Y.J. Cai, X.L. Mao, Y.J. Li, C.R. Zhang et al., Tuned-potential covalent organic framework electrochemiluminescence platform for lutetium analysis. J. Electroanal. Chem. 923, 116831 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116831
  149. X. Ma, C. Pang, S. Li, Y. Xiong, J. Li et al., Synthesis of Zr-coordinated amide porphyrin-based two-dimensional covalent organic framework at liquid–liquid interface for electrochemical sensing of tetracycline. Biosens. Bioelectron. 146, 111734 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111734
  150. L. Li, W. Zhao, Y. Wang, X. Liu, P. Jiang et al., Gold nanocluster-confined covalent organic frameworks as bifunctional probes for electrochemiluminescence and colorimetric dual-response sensing of Pb2+. J. Hazard. Mater. 457, 131558 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131558
  151. R. Ma, J. Jiang, Y. Ya, Y. Lin, Y. Zhou et al., A carbon dot-based nanoscale covalent organic framework as a new emitter combined with a CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated electrochemiluminescence biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of bisphenol a. Analyst 148(6), 1362–1370 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3an00024a
  152. L. Shen, Y.W. Wang, H.Y. Shan, J. Chen, A.J. Wang et al., Covalent organic framework linked with amination luminol derivative as enhanced ECL luminophore for ultrasensitive analysis of cytochrome C. Anal. Methods 14(46), 4767–4774 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ay01208a
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 3038 Download : 2286